Public discussion of public affairs is one of the most essential foundations for participatory democracy. The advance of information technology facilitates public discussion in cyberspace. It is now popular for people to discuss public affairs in the blogosphere. While user behaviour and information diffusion in microblogging social networks have garnered extensive academic attention, only few studies have been dedicated to investigating the contents of tweets in response to a certain event. The current study aims to fill this gap using content analysis to examine the content of tweets on Sina Weibo regarding the G20 Summit held in Hangzhou in 2016. Some observations are made from the content of Weibo tweets. For example, NGOs and private enterprises were supportive of the event. On the other hand, the general public had more concerns about liveability issues. The findings suggest that public discussion in the blogosphere over a certain issue or topic can entail behavioural and attitudinal changes which are essential for participatory democracy. The Chinese government should take advantage of microblogging to collect views from the community for more informed decision making for policy design and project implementation.

Keywords: weibo, social media, microblogging; public discourse, content analysis

Public discussion of public affairs is one of the most essential foundations for participatory democracy.^1-3 with the rapid development and popularity of the Internet, people have more opportunities and channels to express their views.⁴ The Internet contributes to the cultivation of public awareness of social problems, offers more opportunities for community involvement, and facilitates the development of the civic society.^5,6 This is ascribed to the dual function of the Internet as an information provider and a sphere for political expression.^7,8 The levels of public discourse on community issues and community involvement in public affairs are further enhanced with the advancement in the interactive communication mechanisms and discussion forums.⁹ Internet-based social media and networks like Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube have become a new orthodoxy in the field of communication, which often brings about political changes.¹⁰

While Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube are popular applications in the West, they are unavailable in mainland China. Instead, Sina Weibo, which is akin to a hybrid of Facebook and Twitter, is one of the most popular microblogging sites in the country.^11,12 By the middle of 2012, the number of registered users on Sina Weibo had reached 368 million¹³ and was growing at a rate of almost 10 million per month.¹⁴ As of September 2016, Sina Weibo’s monthly active users reached 297 million.¹⁵ Sina Weibo, as one of important social media, plays a very important role in the information dissemination among general individuals in China.¹⁶ With the increasing popularity of Sina Weibo, citizens even address their information needs by posting the questions on the social networks platform.¹⁷ Sina Weibo is featured by brief content and real-time reaction. More specifically, the message shared by users is limited to 140 characters and hyperlinks, images, and videos can be attached to the main text as well.¹⁸ Citizens can get information, update statuses, share views, and communicate with other users, such that information is generated and propagated rapidly on Sina Weibo.^18,19 The users can follow anyone they like without prior permission so that a wide range of interpersonal relationships was created.²⁰ The spread and resonance of the views of users on this social media platform can generate tremendous power and even affect the course of some social events,²⁰ such as the Deng Yujiao.²¹ The enormous number of users and their mistrust of official information sources has helped Sina Weibo become a force in Chinese politics.¹²

While the user behaviours and information diffusion in microblogging social networks have attracted much attention from researchers recently,^22,23 only a few studies have investigated the contents of tweets in response to a certain event. The current study aims to fill this gap by using content analysis to examine the content of tweets on Sina Weibo about the run-up to the G20 Summit in Hangzhou, China, from 4 to 5 September 2016. The G20 was initiated in 1999 and now consists of 20 countries, with the aims of discussing international financial and monetary policies, the reform of international financial institutions, and world economic development before the outbreak of the global financial crisis in 2008.^24,25 From then on, the G20 became the leaders’ summit²⁶ to preserve the current global trade and investment system,²⁷ which gains intensive attention worldwide, especially under the contemporary context of world economic recession. Thus, the news G20 Summit coming to Hangzhou had no sooner come out than it gave rise to heated and consistent discussion on Sina Weibo. Since it indicates that China has undergone a change from membership role to recast its engagement as leadership.^28,29 Even if some scholars doubt the credibility of information on Sina Weibo and argue that at least one rumour is spread on it every day,³⁰ others hold that the verification mechanism in Sina Weibo builds trust and authenticity to the source, thus stimulating people to actively participate on the platform.¹⁸ 2016 presidency for the G20 Hangzhou Summit has a very meaningful implication for the future of China in global governance. There is a great value to exploiting the content of tweets about the factual event of the G20 Summit. This creates an opportunity for better understanding dynamic attention paid by users, what kinds of users participate in the G20 discussion and what their frequent discussion topics are, indicating the various attitudes towards this international conference.

Content analysis is a method of analysing written, verbal, or visual communication messages³¹ that may be used with either qualitative or quantitative data and in an inductive or deductive way.³² This research method has a long history, dating back to the 18th century in Scandinavia.³³ Rather than being a single method, the current applications of content analysis have been classified by Hsieh and Shannon³⁴ into three distinct approaches: conventional, directed, or summative. This study employs the summative content analysis approach, which, according to Hsieh and Shannon,³⁴ involves counting and comparisons, usually of keywords or content, followed by the interpretation of the underlying context. Also, this research employs the inductive method for conducting the content analysis since there are few studies about the G20 Summit posted on social media platforms. Although there are no systematic rules for analysing data, the key feature of all content analysis is that a large quantity of text is classified into much smaller content categories.^35,36 The research is based on a set of first-hand data crawled from Sina Weibo. It contains 1066 tweets with the keywords ‘‘G20 Summit, Hangzhou’’ (杭州G20 峰会) from the 17 November 2015 to 31 March 2016 on Sina Weibo. The repetitive and irrelevant topics have already been excluded. The categories and subcategories of tweets analyzed by the inductive method are listed in the Annexes. With the help of qualitative software NVivo 11, this research codes the data in an inductive way and use the software R to visualize some outcomes.

Trend of attention analysis

After closing of the Tenth Summit held in Antalya, Turkey (15–16 November 2015), a wide variety of tweets with regard to the news of the upcoming G20 Summit in Hangzhou started to be shared and disseminated on Sina Weibo consistently. The trend of attention by day is shown in the top of Figure 1. We can see that there are three peak values appearing on the first day after the tenth Summit, 25 March and 29 March, respectively, indicating that users responded to the news extremely promptly when it came out and the enthusiastic attention to the news dropped just rapidly in the following days. The attention rose again until the end of the March, which resulted from the event of “repainting the historic building called Qiushui shanzhuang (秋水山庄)” condemned by a number of general public users who believed that the historic building contained original cultural elements, while renovation of such buildings instead destroys these precious and irretrievable resources. Similar to the attention by day, the attention by month, as shown in the bottom of Figure 1, from November gradually decreased to its lowest point in January, after which it rose rapidly to its peak in March. Since the tweets began in the middle of November, this explains to some extent the reason why the total number of tweets in the entire month of March is higher than in half of November (Figure 1).

Figure 1 Changes in the number of tweets of the G20 summit (top panel: daily basis, bottom panel: monthly basis).

User-type analysis

This study classifies the user type into the following six categories according to their identity: general public, enterprises, others, media, NGOs, and government. The specific number and their trend are shown in Figure 2. We can see that the main user type is the general public (55.5%), which is followed by the government (15.9%). The percentage of media users (12.7%) is nearly twice than that of NGOs (6.8%), while enterprises and others have a similar percentage (4.3% and 4.8%, respectively) (Figure 2). After the media and government user types published the news of the G20 Summit coming to Hangzhou, the general public responded to the news rather actively and promptly, suggesting the high enthusiasm for and expectations of general netizens towards the summit. Some citizens felt proud that Hangzhou would have such a precious opportunity to hold this international summit and expressed good wishes and congratulations for this activity. Some NGOs, including volunteer organizations and university institutes, very actively shared information regarding the volunteer application process, their selection, and training programmes.

Figure 2 Longitudinal changes in number of tweets of the G20 summit by user type.

This online sharing and discussion of the news encouraged many people, especially university students, to participate in the programmes. Enterprises that participated in the G20 Summit project spread the news of real-time progress of the G20 project and related activities as well. It seems that workers were really proud to carry out such arduous and emergent jobs since they believed their sacrifice to be well worth the success and safety of the G20 Summit. As for the trend of attention from different user types in response to the G20 Summit, as shown in Figure 2, the shape of the graph for the general public is very similar to that of the total trend of attention by month as shown in the bottom of Figure 1. It is clear that the attention of the general public influences the overall trend. The lowest point may be explained by the coming Lunar New Year, during which all Chinese individuals were on break to celebrate the holiday, so the attention to the G20 Summit therefore gradually decreased until January. After that, with increasing projects for the G20 Summit, the attention of the general public rebounded rapidly again. As for other user types, it is interesting to see that the graphs of the attention trend for government and media are extremely similar, indicating that the government in China could easily mobilize the media to report what they want. The graph for enterprises indicates that the Lunar New Year had little impact on this group of people since some of them still had to work. It proves again that the staff of enterprises works very hard with hardly any vacations.

Content analysis of tweets

The frequency of tweeted topics with regard to the G20 Summit coming to Hangzhou is shown in Table 1. The most frequent subject is “transportation projects”, indicating that the local government invested much in physical transportation construction projects, such as “road maintenance”, “new road construction”, and “road light installation” that most tweets mentioned. Apart from touting the modernity and magnificence of an improving transportation infrastructure that is improving, the interior spirit of the citizens and drivers who should obey the transportation rules are also promoted. For instance, “the drivers should be courteous while driving” and “citizens should be courteous while travelling” are always posted in the tweets. The second topic is the “welcome to the G20 Summit activities” such as the trail walk, art performance and exhibition, music concert, learning English and related knowledge, and sharing the G20 logo. The third topic was “disseminating the news of the G20 Summit” (such as when and where as well as the theme of the G20 Summit), but it did not contain any subjective descriptions. The fourth topic is about expressing the “expectation, blessing, and pride” about the upcoming G20 Summit in Hangzhou. The next most frequent topics, tied for fifth place, are “negative influence” and “city beautification projects”. The negative influence mainly covered the following aspects: the traffic congestion due to the transportation projects, damage to the historic buildings due to the city beautification projects, environmental pollution and construction noise, forced demolition, interruptions to water supply, rising rents, and delayed delivery. The city beautification topic referred to the environment beautification projects, building renovation projects, green building construction, and illegal building demolition (Table 1). Since the content of tweets cover multiple fields and it is impossible to analyse them one by one, this study principally focuses on the top six tweet topics as shown in Figure 3. The graphs for “disseminating the news of the G20 Summit”, “welcome to the G20 Summit activities”, and “expectation, blessing, and pride” are similar in that they decreased in the first three months, then started to increase. On the other hand, the topics of “city beautification projects”, “negative influence”, and “transportation projects” show an increasing trend in general, especially after February 2016 (Figure 3).

Figure 3 Numbers of tweets related to hot topics of the G20 summit.

Government-led projects for the G20 Summit

The top six topics posted by government users are “transportation projects”(12%), “welcome to the G20 Summit activities”(11%), “city beautification projects”(11%), “security”(11%), “being a good host”(10%), and “environmental protection projects”(9%). This indicates that the Chinese government highlighted this opportunity to host the G20 Summit, especially in the context that the leaders of the world’s nations hoped to advance the world economy through this summit. After initiating some welcome activities such as publishing the promotional video and designing the logo for the G20 Summit, a number of projects, including “transportation” and “environmental protection”, were initiated to demonstrate the good image of China to the world. The city beautification projects were subsequently initiated by policymakers. In addition to the “road maintenance” and “new road construction” projects, the government also proposed that drivers should be courteous when driving and citizens should be courteous while travelling to demonstrate the good cultural and ethical quality of Chinese. In order to reinforce this effect, “being a good host project” was launched by the government, which proposed that citizens should behave courteously and hospitably. As the environmental problem is worsening worldwide, “environmental protection projects”, including improving air quality, planting trees, improving water quality, and increasing awareness of environmental protection, was also initiated by the Chinese government to demonstrate the good environment to visitors from other countries. However, after the Paris attacks in November 2015, a series of other terrorist attacks occurred in Europe, so security issues for the G20 Summit were emphasized by the Chinese government as well. For example, the police force carried out a skill-training programme to improve their anti-terrorist abilities and purchased a number of security facilities to improve and ensure the safety of the G20 Summit (Table 2).

Media as an important supplemental tool in disseminating the news

As for the media users, the top five topics are “disseminating the news of the G20 Summit”(24%), “suggestions for the G20 Summit”(11%), “transportation projects”(11%), “welcome to the G20 Summit activities”(9%), “other influences”(7%), and “being a good host”(6%). The media, including newspapers and television, play an important role in disseminating news; it is therefore not surprising that the news of the G20 Summit coming to Hangzhou posted by the media was the most frequent topic. The “welcome to the G20 Summit activities” posted by the media were very similar to those of the government except for the topics related to publicity ambassadors and culture as shown in Figure 4. For example, the tweets containing the phrases “establishing the overseas publicity ambassador to advocate Chinese culture” and “the story of Hangzhou to welcome the G20 Summit” was posted by government users. The government encouraged individuals to make suggestions for the G20 Summit, and two weird suggestions given by some members of the government were posted by the media, arousing a huge attention from the public, who were strongly opposed to these stupid suggestions:

All the women in Hangzhou should wear cheongsams during the G20 Summit in 2016.

(from a delegate of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference)

Waiters should use cologne and waitresses should use perfume during the G20 Summit.

(from a staff member of the Hangzhou city government)

Figure 4 the comparison of different user-type on the topic of welcome to G20 summit activities.

Because the media are also enterprises of a sort pursuing profit, it is understandable that they posted such news to attract public attention. Other influences of the G20 Summit, such as the “stock market”, “education”, “house price”, and “currency rate”, were also posted by the media. The topics with regard to “transportation projects” were similar to the tweets posted by the government, such as “courteous driving”, “courteous travelling”, and “new road construction”. The topic of “being a good host” was also posted by the media, while the “negative influence” caused by the projects initiated by the government were rarely posted by the media, suggesting that the media in China are an important supplemental tool in disseminating the news that the government wants (Figure 4).

Emotional change of the general public and its effects

When the news of the G20 Summit coming to Hangzhou was posted, people from all walks of life enjoyed the news by tweeting messages “disseminating the news of the G20 Summit”, posting the “welcome to the G20 Summit activities” messages, and expressing “expectation, blessing, and pride”. This honeymoon period, nevertheless, did not last long. With the “transportation projects” and “city beautification projects” started, the sufferings caused by the projects for the G20 Summit occurred consistently. For example, the government emphasized the transportation projects (here mainly referring to “road maintenance” and “new road construction”), resulting in heavy “traffic congestion” in Hangzhou during the construction period, which severely affected citizens’ commuting time to work and school. For example, one cyber citizen posted that “it takes one hour and twenty minutes on the road from company to home, but previously it took merely 30minutes”. Another tweeted that “hosting the G20 Summit is wasting the money and boring the citizens, road maintenance and traffic congestion are all around us, it is so upsetting.”

“Construction noise” at night also affected the sleep quality of citizens. Some of them even showed negative attitudes towards the G20 Summit and blamed the government for not considering the citizens’ lives. They regarded the “city beautification projects” as “face-saving projects” that were meaningless and caused inconveniences in their lives. Thus, gradually, the content of tweets started to shift from the “welcome to the G20 Summit activities”, “disseminating the news of the G20 Summit”, and “expectation, blessing, and pride” to the “complaints about traffic congestion”, which was part of the “negative influence”. The “city beautification project” initiated by the government was also described as a “face-saving project”, reflecting the negative emotions towards these projects.

The spread and resonance of the negative views of the general public generated tremendous power and affected some outcomes in some cases. Take the historic building Qiushui shanzhuang as an example. The building was painted to refresh its appearance, but unfortunately it became ugly and lost its historic culture. Figure 4 shows the changes in the colour of the building. This event aroused another wave of dissatisfaction of the general public towards the inappropriate behaviour of the government. Under the pressure of public criticism, the government repainted the colour again to restore this historic building (Figure 5).

Figure 5 The colour of Qiushui shanzhuang before (left), after painting (middle), and after repainting (right).

Enterprises as important participants in the projects supporting the G20 Summit

The most frequent topics of enterprises, like “transportation projects”(21%), “industry”(15%), “environmental protection projects”(13%), “hard work and sacrifice”(11%) for the G20 Summit, indicate that they were rather important participants of projects for the G20 Summit, especially for the “transportation projects”, such as the “new road construction”, “road maintenance”, and “road light installation”. It is no wonder that some companies like Hangzhou Luqiao Group Limited (杭州市路桥集团有限公司) always posted the progress of the transportation project for the G20 Summit. The workers from such company work hard and sacrifice their vacations for the summit, and this was also noted on Sina Weibo to commend their behaviour. Due to the environmental protection project initiated by the government, a number of environmental protection industries, such as printing and dyeing industry, chemical industry, steel industry, and plastics processing industry, were forced to close from three to six months until the G20 Summit successfully finished in Hangzhou. In contrast, other industries, such as tourist industry, cultural and creative industry, exhibition industry, and electric vehicle industry, benefited from the G20 Summit. Unlike the general public, enterprises posted a number of tweets with regard to “being a good host”, indicating that they actively responded to the government’s proposals. Tweets themed as “welcome to the G20 Summit activities”, such as the trail walk and promotional video, were also posted to express support for the celebration.

NGOs as supporters of the government in preparation for the G20 Summit

The majority of tweets posted from NGOs were about positive things, for instance “welcome to the G20 Summit activities”(30%), “volunteer activities”(15%), “disseminating the news of the G20 Summit”(9%), “being a good host”(8%), and “expectation, blessing, and pride”(5%). NGOs help the citizens to participate in some activities to welcome the G20 Summit, such as the trail-walk activities and art performances. They also teach the citizens to speak English, and deliver the promotional video for the G20 Summit that followed the government’s postings. In addition, the tweets about the “volunteer application, selection, and training” were also posted by NGOs to encourage citizens and university students to participate in helping at the G20 Summit. Some tweets they posted demonstrated that they swore to be good volunteers. Other volunteer activities that the tweets mentioned were to induce citizens to behave courteously, establish inspection volunteer teams to report illegal or inappropriate behaviour, and establish international volunteer teams to serve foreigners during the G20 Summit, among others. All these activities indicate that NGOs responded actively to the government’s appeal to be a good host. In summary, the above analysis indicates that NGOs assisted the government well in preparing some activities for hosting the G20 Summit in Hangzhou.

The G20 Summit has gained wide attention from almost all walks of life in China, including the government, media, general public, and NGOs. The graph showing the attention trend by month looks like a “V” shape, which can be explained by the Lunar New Year, as people in China were on break to enjoy the long holiday. There are 27 different topics with regard to the G20 Summit in total, but the top six topics do not demonstrate the same trend. Specifically, the positive and neutral topics of “disseminating the news of the G20 Summit”, “welcome to the G20 Summit activities”, and “expectation, blessing, and pride” show a decreasing trend for the first three months before starting to increase through March 2016. In contrast, the negative and neutral topics of “city beautification project”, “negative influence”, and “transportation project” all show an increasing trend in general. It can be easily understood that with government projects increasing, mainly including those of “transportation”, “environmental protection”, “city beautification”, “being a good host”, and “social security”, the attention for this increased as well. This can also reflect that the government made a great effort in order to demonstrate prosperity and security to the world. The media played an important role in disseminating the news of the G20 Summit and the information, such as the “being a good host” and “courteous driving”, that the government wanted.

The enterprises were important participants in projects for the G20 Summit, especially for the transportation project. The summit served as a double-edged sword to industries. While it benefited the development of some industries–such as tourist industry, cultural and creative industry, exhibition industry, and electric vehicle industry–it also restricted the development of others threatening to the environment. NGOs were important supporters of the government, facilitating the organization of some volunteer activities to prepare for the G20 Summit. However, the reactions of the general public towards the G20 Summit manifest two extreme values, from “expectation, blessing, and pride” to “negative complaints”. Before the government projects for the G20 Summit began, especially the “transportation project” and “city beautification project”, the general public welcomed the G20 Summit in Hangzhou and expressed their expectations and blessings for it. Although the projects to prepare for the summit contributed to improving the infrastructure of Hangzhou in the long term, it caused some suffering in the short term, which is called a “short painful period” (阵痛期) by the media. Nevertheless, on a positive note, the trend of “expectation, blessing, and pride” and “welcome to the G20 Summit activities” increased during the “short painful period”, as shown in Figure 3. This suggests that the general public, in effect, supported the government’s decisions overall. Sina Weibo serves as a good platform to let the citizen’s release th eir negative emotions–after all, it is anonymous.

None.

The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship and /or publication of this article.

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