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Research Article Volume 2 Issue 1
Histopathological profile of caustic esophageal strictures on chronic endoscopic dilatation: what is the safe limit??
Neeraj Nagaich,
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Radha Sharma, Sandeep Nijhawan, Manisha Nijhawan, Sheetal Nepalia, Monika Rathore
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Department of gastroenterology, SMS medical college, India
Correspondence: Neeraj Nagaich, A-9 shanti nagar, Ajmer road, Jaipur, 302006, India, Tel 9.19E+11
Received: September 18, 2014 | Published: January 8, 2015
Citation: Nagaich N, Sharma R, Nijhawan S, et al. Histopathological profile of caustic esophageal strictures on chronic endoscopic dilatation: what is the safe limit?? J Cancer Prev Curr Res. 2015;2(1):1-3. DOI: 10.15406/jcpcr.2015.02.00023
Abstract
Introduction: Corrosive injury related esophageal stricture has been cited as a risk factor for squamous cell carcinoma esophagus. There are no data from prospective surveillance programs. This study was planned to study histopathological changes and safety of chronic dilatation (mean duration 10.1 year) in reference to occurrence of dysplastic changes.
Materials and methods: This study was conducted in the Department of gastroenterology SMS medical college Jaipur. Patients with caustic esophageal strictures, above 03 years of age and more than 10 year duration of dilatation were included. Wire guided dilatation with increasing size of plastic dilator was done. Various aspects of study group, type of stricture, and histopathologic changes were studied in reference to occurrence of dysplastic changes. Throughout the study patient were given standard of care treatment.
Results: Out of 42 patients, 32 patients (77%) were more than 12 years of age. Mean age was 22.9 ranging from 3 years to 50 years. There were twenty six males (62%) and sixteen females (38%). Ten patients (24%) had multiple strictures. twelve patients (28.5%) had long stricture (>3cm). Epithelial hyperplasia, focal hyperkeratosis, and mixed inflammatory exudates in sub epithelium were predominant histologic findings. No dysplasia was reported on histopathological examination.
Conclusion: Caustic Stricture is more common in adolescent and adults in our population. There is high incidence of acid injury as compared to alkali injury. Dysplastic changes are not seen in patients on chronic dilatation at mean age of 10.1 year.
Keywords: caustic, esophageal, strictures, dilatation, dysplasia
Introduction
Caustic esophageal injury results from accidental ingestion of corrosive in children and intentional in adults.1 The common causes are ingestion of strong alkali and highly concentrated acids. Once a stricture is identified, esophageal dilatation is initiated and gradually advanced to relieve dysphagia. Chronic inflammation and fibrosis leads to dysplasia which predisposes the epithelium to develop esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.2 Chronology and incidence of appearance of carcinoma at the site of stricture, however, is a less well-recognized complication that may develop years after the original injury. There are no data from prospective surveillance programs. This study was conducted to study histopathology changes and dysplasia in caustic esophageal strictures on chronic dilatation.
Material and methods
This study was conducted in Department of gastroenterology SMS medical college Jaipur. Patients with caustic esophageal strictures and above 03 years of age on chronic dilatation sessions of more than ten year duration were included after informed consent. Patient with fistulae, surgery, peptic stricture and malignant stricture were excluded. Patients presenting with dysphagia and history of caustic ingestion were initially evaluated with barium swallow and barium meal. Repeated sessions were performed every 2 weeks, till a 15 mm (45Fr) lumen size was achieved. Dilatations were done on outpatient basis, whenever patient developed significant dysphagia. After wire guided dilatation, multiple endoscopic biopsies were taken from the structured segment. The biopsies were evaluated after H &E staining by two pathologists separately. Various aspects of study group including age, sex, caustic agent, length and number of strictures and histopathological changes were studied.
Results
A total of 42 patients were included in this study. This study shows base line characteristics of the patients. Mean age was 22.9 years, with age ranging from 3 years to 50 years. Thirty two patients (77%) were more than 12 years of age. There were twenty six males (62%) and sixteen females (38%). Ten patients (24%) had multiple strictures. Twelve patients (28.5%) had long stricture (>3cm). No major complication was seen in any of the patient during this study. In majority of patients the endoscopic appearance was of a smooth benign stricture (Figure 1). Histology of structured segment revealed epithelial hyperplasia, focal hyperkeratosis, and sub epithelial mixed inflammatory exudates in majority of samples (Figure 2 & 3). No dysplastic changes were seen on histopathological examination in any of the patient.
Figure 1 Endoscopic appearance of the esophageal stricture showing a smooth stricture with a benign appearance.
Figure 2 Esophageal mucosal biopsy from strictured segment (H&E, 20X) Hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis and chronic inflammation in subepithelial tissue.
Figure 3 Esophageal mucosal biopsy from strictured segment (H&E,40X) -parakeratosis, hyperkeratosis.
Discussion
Extent of injury following caustic ingestion depends on amount, concentration and pH of substance and tissue
contact time. The most frequent complication of corrosive substance ingestion is esophageal stricture. The characteristic lesions in man, usually limited to the esophagus, consist of acute necrosis, ulceration, and-later
-varying degrees of fibrosis, often with the development of stricture. The subsequent appearance of carcinoma at the site of such a stricture, however, is a less well-recognized complication that may develop years after the original injury. The rate of stricture formation is reported to be between 2% and 63%. There appears to be an increased risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus after severe caustic injury to the esophagus, most commonly after lye ingestion.3
Scar tissue is probably a premalignant condition, the danger increases if there is chronic irritation at the site of the scar. Of the 10 patients with malignancy in a fibrotic oesophagus, only five had a respectable growth, and in two cases the fact that the dense scar tissue included a malignant growth became evident only after surgery and histological examination of the resected oesophagus.4 The incidence of cancer in corrosive strictures has been estimated to be 2.3% to 6.2%, and a history of caustic ingestion was present in 1% to 4% of patients with esophageal cancer.5 A single series from Finland found the magnitude of risk was approximately 1000-fold increased compared with a similar population during 30 yr follow up.6 The association between corrosion and carcinoma was probably causal in 5 women who developed oesophageal cancer 25-50 years after corrosive injury.7 Clinical characteristics of patients who developed esophageal cancer after caustic injury included, mean age 35 to 51 years; average interval between caustic injury and development of esophageal cancer approximately 40 years; and cancers were located in the mid-esophagus (Figures 1-3).8
There are no data from prospective surveillance programs. Although endoscopic dilatation effectively relieves dysphagia in benign esophageal stricture, there is little information on its efficacy and safety in caustic esophageal stricture. This study is first prospective study of large cohort to evaluate the safety of chronic dilatation in reference to dysplastic changes. No dysplasia was evident in any of patients in this study. Further long term follow up study of this group and more studies will answer the safe period and surveillance protocols in this group of patients.
Conclusion
Most common histopathologic changes were epithelial hyperplasia, focal hyperkeratosis, and mixed inflammatory exudates in sub epithelium. Dysplastic changes were not seen in patients on chronic dilatation at mean duration of 10.1 years. This group of patients requires a further follow up.
Acknowledgment
None.
Conflicts of interest
Authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
References
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- Appelqvist P, Salmo M. Lye corrosion carcinoma of the esophagus. A review of 63 cases. Cancer. 1980;45(10):2655‒2658.
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