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Review Article Volume 7 Issue 6
The emergence of extended-spectrum Β-lactamases and carbapenemases from none human sources: The challenges and opportunities
Teklehaimanot Kiros, Lemma Workineh
Received: October 23, 2019 | Published: December 31, 2019
Citation: Kiros T, Workineh L. The emergence of extended-spectrum β-lactamases and carbapenemases from none human sources: The challenges and opportunities. J Bacteriol Mycol Open Access. 2019;7(6):164-173 DOI: 10.15406/jbmoa.2019.07.00264
Abstract
The widespread of extended-spectrum β-lactamases and Carbapenemases from none human is rapidly increasing worldwide. Their presence in all ecosphere manifesting the spotlight of the global public health threat that significantly challenging modern medicine even to the recent one-health system approach. Overuse and misuse of antibiotics are the main triggering factors for antimicrobial selective pressure and clonal dissemination of resistance genes both in human and animal sources. Several none human sources are acting as the main reservoir of various microbial resistance genes leading to create a relentless epidemiological picture in the future. The irrational use of antibiotics in animal’s veterinary medicine reinforce the dissemination of extended-spectrum β-lactamase and carbapenemases especially among Gram-negative bacteria from food-producing animals, birds, lakes, rivers, livestock, animal husbandry, industries, sewages and hospital wastewater to clinical and community settings. Indeed, antimicrobial resistance genes harboured by the bacterial strains are capable of transmitting into clinical and community settings. The global dissemination of the multidrug resistant extended-spectrum β-lactamases and carbapenemases-synthesizing organism across all ecosystems is limiting the appropriate choice of antimicrobial agents to treat infection judiciously. Lack of public awareness to antimicrobials, poor sanitary conditions, and poor infection prevention measures combined with poor antimicrobial stewardship creates an ubiquitous spread of antimicrobial-resistance genes across the entire ecosystem. The direct or indirect contact of human with contaminated animal products such as urines and faeces that have been contaminated with pathogenic bacteria hastens the horizontal gene transfer of resistance genes across all the community of the bacteria. As a result, a systematic and careful investigation of the potential resistance gene pools reservoirs to address the current emergence of β-lactamases hydrolyzing organisms through integrated, intensive, holistic and scientific rigours activities are widely in need. Besides, understanding of the complex human, animal and wider environment interplay has found the frontline strategy to mitigate antimicrobial resistance burdensome in human and animal settings.
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