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Opinion Volume 4 Issue 4
Streptococcus Mutans and its detection-the battle continues
Nidhi Agarwal, Aakansha Sharma, Dipanshu Kumar
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Institute of Dental Studies and Technologies, India
Correspondence: Dipanshu Kumar, Department of Paedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Institute of Dental studies and Technologies, Kadrabad, Modinagar, 66c, Pocket-A, Mayur Vihar, Phase II, New Delhi, India, Tel 9013190478
Received: April 27, 2017 | Published: April 28, 2017
Citation: Agarwal N, Sharma A, Kumar D. Streptococcus mutans and its detection-the battle continues. J Bacteriol Mycol Open Access. 2017;4(4):131-132. DOI: 10.15406/jbmoa.2017.04.00102
Opinion
Dental caries prevails as one of the most widely spread infectious disease worldwide. It is a ubiquitous disease of multifactorial origin in which microorganisms play the prime role for causation of the disease Susan Fisher-Owens conceptual model describes oral health being influenced by various level of factors that acts together. These multilevel factors are categorized into 5 sets which are genetics and biology; social environment; physical environment; health-influencing behaviors; and medical care; in individual, family and community levels, interacting across time and space. Considering the biological determinants microflora is an important aspect for causing the imbalance in the oral cavity leading to caries.1
When focusing on the flora Streptococcus Mutans are the chief etiological microorganisms which are held culprit for dental caries, therefore, a quantitative measure of S. mutans is said to be a dependable measure to forecast the true caries activity. S. mutans is considered to be an important biomarker of caries risk assessment. There are various methods to detect the S. mutans counts that include both conventional as well as latest advancements. The various conventional culture medias used are mitis salivarius with bacitracin (MSB), mitis salivarius kanamycin-bacitracin (MSKB), glucose-sucrose tellurite-bacitracin (GSTB), trypticase soy-sucrose bacitracin (TYS20B) and tryptone-yeast-cysteine sucrose-bacitracin (TYCSB) agars.2 All these medias are specific for S. mutans but requires a well-equipped laboratory and a minimum incubation period of 48hours and are therefore cumbersome and time consuming.
To overcome these time concerns, more research is being done on inventions of rapid detection methods that are easy, quick and reliable Tal H and Rosenberg M in the year 1990, first proposed oratest as a simple non invasive chairside detection method for assessing the microbial count of the oral cavity. Oratest is a non-specific test that detects salivary microbes based on their rate of oxygen depletion. Aerobic organisms utilize oxygen with the help of the enzyme aerobic dehydrogenase that transfers the electrons from oxygen. The activity of this enzyme reduces methylene blue to leucomethylene blue in the milk substrate. The rate of change in colour shows the metabolic activity of aerobic organisms present in saliva.3 The major disadvantage of oratest is that it does not specifically detect s. mutans alone, rather it tells about the activity of aerobic microorganisms in the saliva. Moreover, this test requires a lot of armamentarium and is not rapid in action. To combat with these difficulties rapid chair- side detection kits are available now-a-days that gives instant results and can be used as powerful motivational tools for the patients regarding their oral health.
The various kits that are available in the market are Orion Diagnostica’s Dentocult® SM Strip mutans, CRT bacteria (Ivoclar Vivadent AG, Liechtenstein), ClinproTM Cario L-PopTM (3M ESPE Dental Products, St. Paul, MN, USA) and Saliva-Check Mutans (GC America, Alsip, IL, USA). Orion Diagnostica’s Dentocult SM Strip mutans provides easy detection of mutans streptococci from a saliva sample and plaque. The method is based on the use of a selective culture broth and the adherence and growth of mutans streptococci on the test strip. CRT bacteria (Ivoclar Vivadent AG, Liechtenstein), enables the simultaneous determination of the mutans streptococci and lactobacilli counts in saliva by means of selective agars. The stimulated saliva is spit in the tube containing the media to which NaHCO3 tablet is added at the bottom which produces CO2 making conditions favourable for S. Mutans and Lactobacilli growth. The blue mitis-salivarius-agar with bacitracin is used to detect mutans streptococci, while the light culture medium, Rogosa agar, is used to evaluate lactobacilli.4 Both these chair-side methods are highly specific and sensitive for S. mutans but takes 48hours to test positive. ClinproTM Cario L-PopTM (3M ESPE Dental Products, St. Paul, MN, USA) is a biochemical commercial rapid chair-side method that measures the production of lactic acid by metabolically active cariogenic bacteria. The reaction is based on the enzymatic degradation of lactic acid by lactate dehydrogenase and coupled to a cascade of redox indicators that generate a color signal, which is analyzed using a semi-quantitative scale.1 This kit gives rapid results but is not specific for S. mutans as it does not determine CFU of microbes rather it determines their acidic activity.5 Saliva-Check Mutans (GC America, Alsip, IL, USA) detects S. mutans in saliva using a highly specific immunochromotography process. The S. mutans present in saliva react with colloidal gold labeled anti S. mutans monoclonal antibody which is contained in the test device. Thus, gold colloidal particles attach to the surface of S. mutans. This reacts with another S. mutans antibody to form the red line on the test window and to show positive results. This kit test is highly specific and sensitive for S. mutans and gives results within 15minutes, therefore it is considered as a powerful tool for rapid S. mutans detection.
Though there are multiple caries activity test kits available that can detect Streptococcus mutans count but all of them have certain advantages and disadvantages. Therefore, still there is need of inventing a novel caries risk assessment tool that can effectively forecast the caries activity and provide us with instant and correct results.
Acknowledgements
None.
Conflict of interest
The author declares no conflict of interest.
References
- Fisher–Owens SA, Gansky SA, Platt LJ, et al. Influences on children's oral health: a conceptual model. Pediatrics. 2007;120(3):e510–e520.
- Wan AKL, Seow WK, Walsh LJ, et al. Comparison of five selective media for the growth and enumeration of Streptococcus mutans. Aust Dent J. 2002;47(1):21–26.
- Kunte SS, Chaudhary S, Singh A, et al. Evaluation and co–relation of the Oratest, colorimetric Snyder's test and salivary Streptococcus mutans count in children of age group of 6–8 years. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent. 2013;3(2):59–66.
- Garcia SS, Venegas GG, Cedillo TJ, et al. A simplified caries risk test in stimulated saliva from elderly patients. Gerodontology. 2008;25(1):26–33.
- Saravia ME, Silva LAB, Silva RAB, et al. Evaluation of chair–side assays in high microbiological caries–risk subjects. Braz Dent J. 2015;26(6):592–595.
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