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eISSN: 2469 - 2786

Bacteriology & Mycology: Open Access

Mini Review Volume 7 Issue 6

Acinetobacter baumannii antibiotics resistance in Iran

Atefeh Hamzeh,1 Parastoo Rezaee,2 Mahsa Mohammadi3

1Department of Biotechnology, Alzahra University, Iran
2Department of Microbiology, Alzahra University, Iran
3Quality Control Management, Iran

Correspondence: Parastoo Rezaee, Master of Microbial Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran

Received: December 08, 2019 | Published: December 20, 2019

Citation: Hamzeh A, Rezaee P, Mohammadi M. Acinetobacter baumannii antibiotics resistance in Iran. J Bacteriol Mycol Open Access. 2019;7(6):159-162 DOI: 10.15406/jbmoa.2019.07.00263

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Abstract

One of the causes of nosocomial infection is Acinetobacter baumannii that is a gram-negative coccobacillus bacteria, especially in intensive care units (ICUs), which can produce various types of infections. The recent emergence of Multiple drug resistance (MDR) A. baumannii has become serious trouble and these MDR strains are quickly distributed among hospitalized patients. We performed a literature review published on antibiotic-resistant clinical A. baumannii isolates reported in Iran from 2012 to 2017. There was an increase in resistance to gentamicin, imipenem, meropenem, piperacillin, ampicillin/sulbactam, ticarcillin, tobramycin, aztreonam. This study indicates that drug-resistance against several antibiotics is occurring for A. baumannii in Iran. Traveling to high prevalence countries and overuse of antimicrobial agents could be the factors contributing to the high prevalence of resistance. To stop occurring this phenomenon, suitable solutions and accurate preventions must be taken.

Keywords: acinetobacter baumannii, Iran, antibiotic resistance

Objectives

One of the causes of nosocomial infection is A. baumannii that is a gram-negative coccobacillus bacteria, especially in intensive care units (ICUs). It causes ventilator-associated pneumonia, bacteremia, surgical-site infections, secondary meningitis, and urinary tract infections.1-3 Several factors may contribute to the virulence potential of A. baumannii such as OmpA, Pili, biofilm-associated protein (BAP) and phospholipase D and C.4-6 The recent emergence of MDR A. baumannii has become serious trouble and these MDR strains are quickly distributed among hospitalized patients. Three main mechanisms of antibiotics resistance involve disabling antibiotics with enzymes, decline entrance antibiotics into the target site of bacteria and alteration of the target or cellular functions.7,8 The World Health Organization (WHO) has published a list of priority pathogens that are resistant to antibiotics for research and development about new antibiotics, including A. baumannii, this shows the importance of antibiotic resistance of this bacterium.9 Therefore, to investigate the development of antibiotic resistance of this bacterium in Iran, we reviewed articles published in this regard in the years 2012 to 2017.

Methods

To gather the necessary information from published articles from national and international journals, research in various databases was reviewed, including PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, SID from 2012 to 2017. Keywords for searching articles, inclusive “antibiotic, drag or antimicrobial resistance” with different combinations of other key text words such as A. baumannii and Iran. After analyzing the related articles, were categorized according to year and antibiotic for a better conclusion. Antibiotics investigated included Aminoglycoside, Fluoroquinolones, Penicillin, Carbapenem, Cephalosporin, Miscellaneous and Macrolide.

Results

We reviewed Thirty-six related articles that included 3011 A. baumannii clinical isolates and 25 antibiotics from 2012 to 2017.10‒45 Antibiotic resistance effect methods in investigated articles include disc diffusion assay (Kirby-Bauer) and molecular method (PCR). The data of antibiotic resistance of 3011 A. baumannii isolates are presented in Table 1. This information demonstrates that the resistance to amikacin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, piperacillin, ticarcillin, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, cefepime, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole were high, the resistance to gentamicin, tetracycline, tobramycin, ampicillin/sulbactam, aztreonam, meropenem, imipenem were increased in these years and resistance to polymyxin B & colistin was less or decreased.

Antibiotic agents

Mean resistance rate (%) in studies reviewed

2016-2017

2014-2015

2012-2013

n =467

n =992

n =1552

(%)

(%)

(%))

Amikacin

76.5

76.88

83.93

Gentamicin

87.62

77.16

75.43

Tetracycline

89.5

78.3

73

Tobramycin

83

64.44

48.6

Tigecycline

15

-

48

Ciprofloxacin

99.83

86.56

92.88

Levofloxacin

99.75

61.8

96.13

Piperacillin

100

97.73

95.17

Pip/tazo

86.6

96.48

90.89

Ampi/sulba

95.5

80.47

73.45

Ticarcillin

100

-

97.63

Aztreonam

100

-

76.63

Imipenem

86.62

76.88

76.4

Meropenem

99.75

77.8

78.62

Ceftazidime

92.5

86.69

94.97

Ceftriaxone

76

85.72

97.23

Cefotaxime

100

99.8

95.76

Cefepime

-

94.04

95.83

Polymyxin B

0

6.39

3.54

Colistin

6

8.31

22.84

Trim/sulfa

-

81.34

84.5

Table 1 Percentage of antibiotic resistance in clinical Acinetobacter baumannii isolates in Iran from 2012 to 2017

Discussion and conclusion

baumannii colonization is important in patients with intubation who have multiple intravenous lines or surveillance devices, surgical drainage, or in vivo urinary catheters.44 Controlling of A. baumannii infection is very difficult because of its resistance to different antimicrobial agents, despite resistance to imipenem, it is still the drug to selection.45 The reports also showed that carbapenem-resistant isolates are increasing worldwide.46‒48 Currently, lipopeptides antibiotics such as polymyxin B and colistin are used to treat MDR A. baumannii.22,49 According to studies in Iran, the average is 71% .50 This prevalence is 67% in Iraq, 83% in the United Arab Emirates, 85% in Kuwait, 100% Pakistan, 74.2% in India, 98.9% in Turkey,33 so one of the reasons for the high prevalence in Iran could be traveling to these countries. The overuse of antimicrobial agents is also effective. This study indicates that the antibiotic resistance of A. baumannii is high in Iran. Therefore, it is necessary to implement appropriate solutions and preventive programs.

Funding details

None.

Acknowledgments

None.

Conflicts of interest

The author declares no conflict of interest.

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