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Analytical & Pharmaceutical Research

Research Article Volume 6 Issue 2

Phytochemical Analysis and Antioxidant Activity Essential Oil of Anaphalis Contorta from Uttrakhand Himalayas

Kavita Rawat, Kundan Prasad, Ganga Bisht

Correspondence: Kundan Prasad, Department of Chemistry, DSB Campus, KU Nainital, Uttrakhand, India, Tel 9.19691E+11

Received: September 10, 2017 | Published: September 25, 2017

Citation: Rawat K, Prasad K, Bisht G (2017) Phytochemical Analysis and Antioxidant Activity Essential Oil of Anaphalis Contorta from Uttrakhand Himalayas. J Anal Pharm Res 6(2): 00172. DOI: 10.15406/japlr.2017.06.00172

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Abstract

Background: Anaphalis contorta shows antiasthmatic, anticoughing, expectorant and antiphlogistic activity. The leaves of Anaphalis Controta were collected in the month of Spetmber 2015 from Kosi Katarmal near Almora, location of Kumaun Himalayas.

Methods: The plant Anaphalis contorta including leaves, stem flower, were extracted by hydro distillation method for 6 hours using Clevenger apparatus The hydro-distilled essential oil of Anaphalis contorta has been examined by means of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Take 1.0ml E. Oil of various code samples and mixed with in 4.0ml DMSO (Dimethyl sulfoxide). The prepared extract was used for the determination of antioxidant activity (i.e., DPPH assay & ABTS assay) in among samples.

Results: Fifty-two constituents have been identified representing 89.64% of the total oil. The major constituents were E-caryophyllene (16.33%), β-himachalene (9.15%), δ-cadinene (9.07%), α-pinene (5.58%). The oil was rich in sesquiterpene hydrocarbon (53.71%), followed by oxygenated sesquiterpene (21.49%), Among sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, made its significant percentage.

Conclusion: The results data obtained in the present study suggest that some essential oils possess strong medicinal activities, which can be utilized for treatment of certain diseases.

 Keywords: (E)-caryophyllene, anaphalis controta, essential oil, GC-MS, antioxidant activity

Abbreviations

DMSO, dimethylsulfoxide; DPPH, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl; GC-MS, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry; GC-FID, gas chromatography/flame ionization detector; RI, retention index

Introduction

Anaphalis contortaHook is an erect herb. The stem is branched from the base,branches are often decumbent. The leaves are linear, crowded, shortly lobed at the base, margins recurved sometimes. The heads are in dense terminal corymbs and in involucral bracts are broad, obtuse, erect in flower, spreading in fruit; outer ones often pale purple. A. contorta is widely distributed in temperate region from Kashmir to Sikkim and Afghanistan to South West China at a height of 1500-4500m.1-3

Anaphalisis a genus of flowering plants within the Asteraceae family, whose membersare commonly known by the name pearl or pearly everlasting. Anaphalis is the largest genus within the Asian Gnaphalieae and it is well diversified in the Himalayas and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateauregion.4 It comprises approximately 110 species, mostly distributed in Asia. Various medicinal plants have been used for years in day to day life to treat diseases all over the world. The use of traditional medicine and medicinal plants in developing countries, to meet some of their primary health care needs, has been widely documented. The family Asteraceae is one of the largest plant families on which the wound healing activity studies have been focused. The fresh leaves of this plant and some other Anaphalis species are bruised and applied to the cut wounds under a rag bandage.5 When taken before meals, the leaves stimulate the appetite and as a result, it is administered to convalescents for its sedative and tonic properties.6 It shows antiasthmatic, anticoughing, expectorant and antiphlogistic activity. The oil of Anaphalis contorta has been found to possess antibacterial and antifungal activity.7 Present investigation of arial parts of the plant (leaves, pre-mature and mature seeds and fruits) were taken to isolate essential oils and aim of the present study was to analyze the composition of the oils of A. contorta and antioxidant properties.

Materials and methods

Plant material

The leaves of Anaphalis Controta were collected in the month of Spetmber 2015 from Kosi Katarmal near Almora, location of Kumaun Himalayas, The plant was authenticated by Botanical Survey of India (BSI).

 

Isolation of essential oil

The plant Anaphalis contorta including leaves, stem flower, were extracted by hydro distillation method for 6 hours using Clevenger apparatus.8 The oil was dried with anhydrous sodium Sulphate and stored at room temprature in a sealed vial until analysis was performed. The percentage oil yield was calculated based on the dry weight of the leaf. The oil yield was (0.7%).

 

GC-FID and GC-MS analysis

Essential oil analysis was performed by using GC-MS and GC-FID was performed on a Shimadzu QP-2010 instrument, equipped with FID, in the same conditions, except hydrogen was used as the carrier gas. The percentage composition of the oil samples were computed from the GC peak areas without using correction for response factors. The oils were analyzed using a Shimadzu GC/MS Model QP 2010 Plus, equipped with a Rtx-5MS (30m ×0.25mm; 0.25mm film thickness) fused silica capillary column. Helium was used as carrier gas adjusted to 1.21ml/min at 69.0KPa; splitless injection of 1 mL, of a hexane solution; injector and interface temperature were 270°C; oven temperature programmed was 50–280°C at 3C/min. EIMS: electron energy, 70eV; ion source temperature was 230°C.

 

Identification of constituents were done on the basis of Retention Index (RI, determined with reference to homologous series of n-alkanes C8-C28, under identical experimental condition), MS library search (NIST and WILEY), and by comparison with MS literature data.9 The relative amounts of individual components were calculated based on GC peak area (FID response) without using correction factor. Retention indices (RI) were determined with reference to a homologous series of normal Alkanes.

 

Extract preparation for antioxidant analysis

Take 1.0 ml E. Oil of various code samples and mixed with in 4.0ml DMSO (Dimethyl sulfoxide). The prepared extract was used for the determination of antioxidant activity (i.e., DPPH assay & ABTS assay) in among samples.

 

Chemicals and reagents

1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, gallic acid, ascorbic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, ρ-coumaric acid, 3-hydroxybenzoic acid, catechin and quercetin were procured from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). Sodium carbonate, 2-(n-morpholino) ethanesulfonic acid (MES buffer), potassium persulphate, ferric chloride, sodium acetate, potassium acetate, aluminium chloride, glacial acetic acid and hydrochloric acid from Qualigens (Mumbai, India), and 2,2_-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS), 2,4,6-tri-2-pyridyl-1,3,5-triazin (TPTZ), methanol and ethanol from Merck Company (Darmstadt, Germany).

 

diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay

Free radical DPPH scavenging assay was slightly modified 10 for the present study. DPPH (100µM) was prepared in 80% (w/v) ethanol and 2.7ml mixed with 0.9ml of sample extract and allowed to stand in the dark (22±10C, 20 min). The reduction in the absorbance at 520nm was recorded and results expressed in mM ascorbic acid equivalent per 100g (mM AAE /100g).

 

Azinobis (3 benzylthiazole)-6- sulphonic acid (ABTS) assay

Total antioxidant activity was measured by improved ABTS (ethylbenzothiazoline 6-sulphonic acid) radical scavenging method.11,12 In brief, ABTS (7.0µM) and potassium persulphate (2.45µM) were added in amber coloured bottle for the production of ABTS cation (ABTS˙+) and kept in the dark (16 h, 22±1°C). ABTS˙+ solution was diluted with 80% (v/v) ethanol till an absorbance of 0.700±0.05 at 734nm is obtained. For sample analysis, 3.90ml of diluted ABTS˙+ solution was added to 0.10ml of methanolic extract and mixed thoroughly. The reaction mixture was allowed to stand (22±1oC, 6 min, dark) and the absorbance was recorded at 734nm with respect to blank. A standard curve of various concentrations of ascorbic acid is prepared in 80% v/v methanol for the equivalent quantification of antioxidant potential with respect to ascorbic acid. Results were expressed in mM ascorbic acid equivalent per 100g (mM AAE /100g).

Results and discussion

Essential oil composition

The GC and GC-MS analysis of Anaphalis contorta resulted in the identification of fifty-two constituents, the oil yield was found to be 0.7% by weight. Both, the major as well as minor constituents were identified by their retention indices and comparison of their mass spectra. Total fifty-seven constituents were identified constituting 89.64% of the total oil. The main compounds in major amounts were E-caryophyllene (16.33%), β-Himachalene (9.15%), δ-cadinene (9.07%), α-pinene (5.58%). The oil was rich in sesquiterpene hydrocarbon (53.71%), followed by oxygenated sesquiterpene (21.49%), Among sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, made its significant percentage. This is the first report on the composition of essential oil from Anaphalis contorta Table (1&2).

S.N.

Compound

Area %

Mol. Formula

Mol. Wt.

RI

Mode of Identification

1

4,5-Dimethyl-4-hexen-3-one

0.12

C8H14O

126

915

a, b

2

α-Pinene

5.58

C10 H16

136

933

a, b

3

β-Pinene

0.08

C10 H16

136

978

a, b

4

Myrcene

0.12

C10 H16

136

987

a, b

5

(4E)-4-Hexenyl acetate

0.12

C8H14O2

142

992

a, b

6

Limonene

0.2

C10H16

136

1024

a, b

7

Ocimene

0.14

C10H16

136

1029

a, b

8

(E)-β-ocimene

0.43

C10H16

136

1046

a, b

9

Linalool

0.29

C10H18O

154

1101

a, b

10

Lavandulol

0.22

C10H18O

154

1150

a, b

11

Safranal

0.15

C

10H14O

150

1182

a, b

12

Lavandulyl acetate

1.12

C12H20O2

196

1275

a, b

13

α- Cubebene

0.33

C15H24

204

1349

a, b

14

α- Copaene

1.3

C15H24

204

1375

a, b

15

α- ylangene

0.9

C15H24

204

1376

a, b

16

Italicene

1.11

C15H24

204

1408

a, b

17

E- Caryophyllene

16.33

C15H24

204

1419

a, b

18

α- Humulen

1.12

C15H24

204

1454

a, b

19

Sesquisabinene

0.14

C15H24

204

1455

a, b

20

9-epi-(E)-β-Caryophyllene

0.68

C15H24

204

1464

a, b

21

Cadina-1(6),4-diene

0.68

C15H24

204

1472

a, b

22

Germacrene-D

0.24

C15H24

204

1475

a, b

23

trans-β-Bergamotene

3.18

C15H24

204

1480

a, b

24

trans-b-Bergamotene

0.65

C15H24

204

1483

a, b

25

Viridiflorene

1.88

C15H24

204

1491

a, b

26

β-Himachalene

9.15

C15H24

204

1503

a, b

27

γ-Cadinene

2.37

C15H24

204

1507

a, b

28

Cubebol

0.87

C15H26O

222

1514

a, b

29

δ-cadinene

9.07

C15H24

204

1520

a, b

30

α-curcumene

0.65

C15H22

202

1536

a, b

31

α- Cadinene

2.46

C15H24

204

1538

a, b

32

β- Bulnesene

1.45

C15H24

204

1558

a, b

33

β-Calacorene

0.26

C15H20

200

1564

a, b

34

Isoshyobunone

0.15

C15H24O

220

1571

a, b

35

Axenol

0.58

C15H26O

222

1574

a, b

36

Globulol

0.69

C15H26O

222

1586

a, b

37

Caryophyllene oxide

2.38

C15H24O

220

1587

a, b

38

Copaborneol

0.44

C15H26O

222

1613

a, b

39

1,10- Diepicubenol

0.58

C15H26O

222

1618

a, b

40

Epicubenol

2.02

C15H26O

222

1631

a, b

41

Epi-α-Cadinol

3.72

C15H26O

222

1640

a, b

42

Pogostol

4.98

C15H26O

222

1650

a, b

43

Epi-β-Bisabolol

2.66

C15H26O

222

1675

a, b

44

α-Bisabolol

0.83

C15H26O

222

1688

a, b

45

Murolan-3,9(11)-diene-10-peroxy

0.24

C15H24O2

236

1729

a, b

46

Cembrene

0.59

C20H32

272

1939

a, b

47

Sclarene

0.33

C20H32

272

1943

a, b

48

m-Camphorene

0.34

C20H32

272

1946

a, b

49

Neocembrene

0.7

C20H32

272

1960

a, b

50

n-Hexadecanoic acid

0.2

C16H32O2

256

1977

a, b

51

Manool

3.37

C20H34O

290

2062

a, b

52

Labd-7,13-dien-15-ol

1.45

C20H34O

290

2293

a, b

   

89.64

       

Table 1 Essential oil composition of the Anaphalis contorta
a=Retention Index (RI); b=MS (GC-MS).

SN

Chemical Composition

Percentage

1

Monoterpene hydrocarbon

6.55%

2

Oxygenated monoterpene

0.90%

3

Sesqueterpene hydrocarbon

53.71%

4

Oxygenated sesquiterepene

21.49%

5

Diterepene hydrocarbon

1.8%

6

Oxygenated diterepene

4.82%

Table 2 Essential oil of Anaphalis contorta, contain the following classes of chemical compounds

 

Antioxidant activity

The essential oil showed good DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity. Antioxidant activity of plants A. contorta analyzed (Table 3). The free radical scavenging activity (DPPH assay) was 9.47mM AAE/100g recorded in Anaphalis contortaaromatic oil. Total antioxidant activity (ABTS assay) was found (7.31mMAAE/100g) in A. contorta aromatic oil. This activity is significant, especially since this essential oil are composed mainly of monoterpenes and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and oxygenated ones which have a moderate activity compared to phenolics and vitamin C. Our findings revealed that the percentage of oxygenated monoterpenes was 0.90% and monoterpenes hydrocarbons was 6.55%. This result might be related to the antioxidant activity of our essential oil. All the essential oils had low amounts of phenolic compounds but showed good antioxidant activity. The diversified mono- and sesquiterpenoids present in the complex mixture of essential oils might be responsible for the good antioxidant activity because of synergetic effects of the constituents. This can be evidenced by a report which says that antioxidant capacity is affected by other bioactive compounds and could involve synergistic effects.13

Name of Plants

DPPH Activity (mMAAE/100g)

DPPH Activity (mMAAE/100g)

Anaphalis contorta

9.47±0.03

7.31±0.01

Table 3 Antioxidant activity (DPPH & ABTS assay) in Anaphalis contorta

Conclusion

The essential oil from Anaphalis contorta showed a qualitative and quantitative make-up of constituents. The oils also showed good antioxidant activities. Clinically, this herb can be a good source of herbal medicine for the treatment of diseases indigenously. The study will also help to generate a database of species which can be exploited scientifically and judiciously in the future by local people and so that ecological balance is maintained. The results data obtained in the present study suggest that some essential oils possess strong medicinal activities, which can be utilized for treatment of certain diseases.

Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to AIRF, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi for the Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), and Gas Chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID) analysis facilities & Botanical Survey of India, for the identification of plant specimen. The authors are grateful to Dr. I. D. Bhatt Scientist-D, G.B.P.N.I.H.E.S.D., Kosi-Katarmal, Almora for provide antioxidant activity.

Author Contribution

The first author, Kavita Rawat persuade his Ph.D under the supervision of Prof Ganga Bisht carried out all the experiments work, Kundan Prasad the second author designed all the experiments and analyzed the data and prepared the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

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