A very nice gift has been presented by the Mother Nature to us that a broad range of materials helps to improve and preserve the health of all living things either directly or indirectly. For centuries, man has made efficient use of materials of natural source in the medical and pharmaceutical field. Today, the whole world is increasingly paying attention in natural drugs and excipients. In recent years, plant derived polymers have evoked tremendous interest due to their diverse pharmaceutical applications such as diluent, binder, disintegrant in tablets, thickeners in oral liquids, protective colloids in suspensions, gelling agents in gels and bases in suppository. They are also used in cosmetics, textiles, paints and paper-making.¹ Natural gums and mucilages are naturally occurring components in plants, which are essentially cheap and plentiful, are widely employed as natural excipients for conventional and novel dosage forms and shows potential to be biodegradable polymeric materials. With the increasing interest in polymers of natural origin, the pharmaceutical world has compliance to utilize most of them in the formulations. In recent years, there has been a incredible growth in natural products, which are essential to be used for a variety of purposes.² Many studies has been conducted in the fields including food technology and pharmaceuticals using gums and mucilages. The predictable use of excipients in drug formulations was to act as inert vehicles to provide the required weight, consistency and volume for the correct administration of the active ingredient, but in modern pharmaceutical dosage forms they often fulfil multi-functional roles such as modifying release, enhancement of the stability and bioavailability of the active ingredient, upgrading of patient acceptability and ensure simplicity of manufacture. A large number of plant-based pharmaceutical excipients are available today. Several researchers have explored the usefulness of plant-based materials as pharmaceutical excipients like binder, disintegrating agent, emulsifying agent etc. Capability to produce a wide range of material based on their properties and molecular weight, natural polymers became a thrust area in majority of investigations in drug delivery systems. Natural gums and mucilages can also be modified to meet the requirements of drug delivery systems and thus can compete with the synthetic excipients available in the market.³ The aim of this article is to highlight the natural gums and mucilages as natural binding agent in various pharmaceutical dosage form.

Binding agent

Binding agent or binders are employed to convey the cohesiveness to the granules. Binders are added to the tablet formulation to impart plasticity as well as increases inter-particulate bonding strength in the tablet that ensure the tablet remains intact after compression. To hold various powders together to form a tablet, binder is added either in dry mix or mix in granulating liquid and form matrix with fillers and drug embedded in it. On drying solid binder forms glue which holds the particles together, the wet binder is the most important ingredient in the wet granulation process, most binders are hydrophilic & most times soluble in water. Different starches like rice, potato, maize, corn, wheat, tapioca starch and gums like ferula gummosa boiss, gum olibanum, beilschmiedia seed gum, okra gum, aegle marmelod gum, gum cordial, okra gum and cassia roxburghii seeds gum and plant fruit like date palm fruit and orange peel pectin shows good potency as a natural binding agent. They also holds some other properties like filler, disintegrant, thickening agent and are safe and economical than synthetic polymers like PVP.

The researchers are trying to the new excipients for potential use as binding agent in tablet formulations continue to the interest. This is because different binding agents can be useful in achieving tablets with different mechanical strength and drug release properties for different pharmaceutical purpose. The choice of a suitable binder for a tablet formulation have need of extensive knowledge of the relative importance of binder properties for enhancing the strength of the tablet and also of the interactions between the various materials constituting a tablet.⁴

Types of binder

1. Classification on the basis of their resource
2. Classification on the basis of their function

According to De silva and Anderson (1995), binders can be grouped in three different classes

1. Binders of protein origin (for example : Chitin and chitosan).
2. Binders of carbohydrate origin (for example : Heta starch ,Potato starch).
3. Binders with no nutritional assessment (for example : Cordia gum, Bhara gum).^5–20

Advantages of natural binder

1. They can be used to variation of the drug release and thereby influences the absorption and bioavailability of the integrated drugs.
2. Natural binders are broadly used in the pharmaceutical and food industry as excipients and additives due to their low toxicity, biodegradable, accessibility and inexpensive.
3. They act as vehicles which convey the integrated drug to the absorption site and are expected to swear the stability of the incorporated drug, the precision and accuracy of the dosage, and also improve the organoleptic properties of the drugs where required in order to enhance patient loyalty.
4. They should optimize the performances of dosage forms during manufacturing as well as when patients consume them.

Disadvantages of polymer binders

1. Polymers binder can lead to processing problems such as rapid over granulation, tablet hardness increases & dissolution concert diminish.
2. In case of polymer binders, addition of strong disintegrates usually required but these are huge expensive and have a negative effect on product stability.

Gum and mucilage

A fundamental consideration about gum is as the pathological products and can be produced into three distinct ways. A major point of view is the gummosis i.e. internal tissue disintegration of the plant. Secondly, formation of deep injury or cavity over the bark or stem leads to the creation of gum, and third is the bacteria or fungi attack.^21–35

In case of the mucilage, these leads to the intercellular formation caused by normal product of metabolism and produced without injury to the plant.

When both of this two (gum and mucilage) are allows to be mixed with water, gum gets readily dissolved where as mucilage forms a slimy mass. This is the most common difference between gum and mucilage by which one can easily identified the sample.

Though gum and mucilage differs in their source of production and water solubility, they have some similarities also and they are as follows:

1. Both are plant hydrocolloids
2. Translucent amorphous substance
3. Insoluble in oils or organic solvents such as ether, alcohol etc.
4. Contains hydrophilic molecules that combines with water to form viscous solutions or gels
5. Polymer of a monosaccharide or mixed monosaccharide
6. On hydrolysis, they yields arabinose, galactose, mannose and glucouronic acid.^35–60

Classification of natural gum and mucilage

Gums are present in elevated quantities in varieties of plants, animals, seaweeds, fungi and other microbial sources, where they act upon a number of structural and metabolic functions; plant sources make available the largest amounts. The different available Gums can be classified as follows:

According to the source

1. Animal source: chitosan and chitin,chondroitin sulphate.
2. Marine source: Agar, alginic acid, laminarin
3. Microbial source( bacterial & fungal): Xanthan, dextran
4. Plant source: Shrubs/tree exudates – example : gum Arabica, gum ghatti etc.

 Seed gums – example : guar gum, locurt gum etc.
Extracts – example : pectin, larch gum etc.
Tuber and roots - example: potato starch etc.

According to the shape

1. Linear : Example - Amylose, cellulose, pectin
2. Branched : Short branch – Example - Xylan, xanthan

 Branch on branch – Example - Amylopectin, gim arabic

According to the charge

1. Non-ionic: Example – Guar gum, xanthan gum, dextrin
2. Anionic: Example – Alginic acid, pectin, karaya gum
3. Cationic: Example – Chitosan, chitin, cationic guar gum
4. Amphoteric: Example – Carboxymethyl chitosan, N-Hydroxyldicarboxyethyl chitosan
5. Hydrophobic: Example – Cetylhydroxyethyl cellulose, polyquaternium

According to the monomeric units present in chemical structure

1. Homoglycan: Example – Amylose, arabinose, cellulose
2. Diheteroglycan: Example – Algins, carragennans, galactomannans
3. Triheteroglycans: Example – Arabino xylans, gellan gum, xanthan gum
4. Tetrahetero glycans: Example – Gum arabic, psyllium sed gum
5. Pentahetero glycans: Example – Gum ghatti, gum tragacanth

According to the preparation

1. Semi synthetic :

 Starch derivative – Example: Starch acetate, starch phosphate
Cellulose derivative – Example: Carboxymethyl cellulose, HPMC

2. Synthetic: Example – Dextrin, scleroglucan

Disadvantages of synthetic polymer

Though the utility of synthetic polymers are increasing day by day, these shows certain disadvantages. These are as follows:

1. The synthetic polymers are non recyclable, creates environmental pollution during synthesis, very high in cost, produces side effects and poor patient compliance.
2. Certain processing difficulties can be created by the Polymer binder such as rapid over granulation, increase in tablet hardness and decrease in dissolution performance.
3. Additions of strong disintegrating agent are needed with polymer binder which is very expensive and have a negative outcome on product stability.
4. Studies in rats have shown that 5% polyvinyl alcohol aqueous solution when given in subcutaneous injection produces anaemia and can infiltrate various organs and tissues.
5. Acute and chronic adverse effects ( eye and skin irritation) have been observed in workers handling the related substances like methyl methacrylate and poly methyl methacrylate.
6. An adverse reaction of povidone has been reported that the formation of granulomus at the site of injection when administered subcutaneously.^61–66

Advantage of natural gum and mucilage

In comparison to the synthetic polymer, natural polymer (gum and mucilage) posses a lot of advantages and these are as follows:

1. Biodegradable:Biodegradable polymers that are widely available in nature are produced by all living organisms. They are from recyclable sources and have no side effects on human health.
2. Local availability:In most of the developing countries, the production of plant such as tragacanth and guar gum are promoted by the government. This is because the application of this material increases day by day in various industries.
3. Low cost:As these are widely distributed and available in nature, the production cost is less as compare to the synthetic one.
4. Biocompatible and nontoxic:As nearly all the gum and mucilages that are obtained from plant resources, are composed of repeating monosaccharide units and are carbohydrates. Hence they are nontoxic and biocompatible.
5. Eco-friendly processing:As the collection of the gum taking place seasonally from different sources and ease of production procedure, hence they are ecofriendly.
6. Patient tolerance:These produces better patient tolerance as well as public acceptance because of their production from natural source and less side effect as compare to the synthetic polymer.

Some drawbacks of natural gum and mucilage’s

1. Microbial contamination-The equilibrium moisture content present in the gums is normally 10% or more and, structurally, they are carbohydrates and, during production, they are exposed to the external environment and, so there is a chance of microbial contamination. However, this can be prevented by proper handling and the use of preservatives.
2. Batch to batch variation-Synthetic manufacturing is a controlled procedure with fixed quantities of ingredients, while the production of gums is dependent on environmental and seasonal factors .
3. Uncontrolled rate of hydration-Due to differences in the collection of natural materials at different times, as well as differences in region, species, and climate conditions the percentage of chemical constituents present in a given material may vary. There is a need to develop suitable monographs on available gums.
4. Alteration in viscosity-When gums are gets in touch with water, the viscosity of the formulations is found to be greater than before. Due to the complex nature of Gums (monosaccharide’s to polysaccharides and their derivatives), it has been found that after storage there is reduced in viscosity.
5. Potential antigenicity- The nanospheres made up of heat denatured natural polymers can cause anaphylactic shock (Figure 1).

Figure 1 Mechanism of action of binder (Natural and Synthetic).

Natural gum and mucilage as binder

6. Most of the natural polymer (gum and mucilage) are formed by high molecular weight carbohydrates. They are biodegradable, biocompatible and non-hazardous polymers showing irregular physical-chemical properties and environmentally sustainable features. Carbohydrates represent the most abundant biological molecules, covering a large array of fundamental roles in living things: from the reserve and transport of energy, (starch and glycogen), to the development of structural components (cellulose in plants, chitin in animals), to the linking between intercellular walls (hemicellulose). The high molecular weight carbohydrates derived, are known as polysaccharides. They may be viewed as condensation polymers in which carbohydrates have been joined together by glycosidic linkage with the elimination of molecules of water.
7. n C₆H₁₂O₆→(C₆H₁₀O₅)n + (n – 1)H₂O
8. The different macromolecular structures and chemical compositions of polysaccharides are responsible for the large array of their physical and biochemical applications. A wide range of polysaccharides, such as agar, alginate, chitin and pectin are able to hydrate in cold and hot water, thus giving rise to both viscous solutions or dispersions and gels. The great interest with these polysaccharides in aquatic animal feed is strictly related to their gelling properties (Figure 2) (Table 1).

Figure 2 Natural gum and mucilage as binder.

There are great numbers of natural substances have been used in pharmaceutical preparations. Natural substances like gums, mucilage’s, and also dried fruits can be used as binding agent. They have been shown good potential as binding agent as well as they hold some other properties like fillers, disintegrating agent, sustain releasing agent. Natural gums and mucilages exposed good binding property in wet granulation for the manufacturing of tablets; granules are stable and less friable in contrast with other binders. Natural binders are non-polluting renewable resources for sustainable supply of cheaper pharmaceutical excipients or product. Various applications of gums and mucilage’s have been established in the field of pharmaceuticals. However, there is a need to develop other natural sources as well as with modifying existing natural resources for the formulation of novel drug delivery systems, biotechnological applications and other delivery systems.

None.

None.

None.

1. Deogade UM, Deshmukh VN. Natural gums and mucilage’s in NDDS: Applications and recent approaches. IJPTR. 2012;4(2):799–814.
2. Goswami S, Naik S. Natural gums and its pharmaceutical application. Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research. 2014;3(1):112–121.
3. Bharat W, Yogita A. Gums and Mucilages: Excipients for modified Drug Delivery. Journal of Advanced Pharmacy Education & Research. 2013;3(4):359–367.
4. Patel S, Agrwal S. Natural Binding Agent in Tablet Formulation. International Journal of Pharmaceutical & Biological Archives 2012;3(3):466–473.
5. Patil SV, Ghatage SL. Natural Binder in Tablet Formulation. International Journal of Pharm Tech Research. 2014;6(3):1070–1073.
6. Naga VKL, Kulkarni PK, Mudit D, et al. Brief Introduction of Natural Gums, Mucilages and their applications in Novel Drug Delivery System. International Journal of Drug Formulation and Research. 2011;2(6):54–71
7. Malviya R, Kulkarni GT. Applications of Mucilages in Drug Delivery. Advances in Biological Research. 2011;5(1):01–07.
8. Singh AK, Dubey V. Role of Natural Polymers used in Floating Drug Delivery System. Int J Pharm Investig. 2012 1(3):11–15.
9. Nagdivya, Ramakrishna R, Sridhar G, et al. Effects of various binding agents on tablet hardness and release rate profiles of diclofenac sodium tablets. Int J Res Pharm Sci. 2012;3(1):12–16.
10. Arora G, Karan M, Inderbir S, et al. Formulation and evaluation of controlled release mucoadhesive matrix tablets: Assessment of myrrh oleo gum resin as a natural pharmaceutical excipients. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research. 2011;3(2):84–88.
11. Malviya R, Pal OP, Vipin B, et al. Rosin an important polymer for drug delivery. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research. 2010;3(1):35–37.
12. Kumar V, Tiwary AK, Gurpreet K. Investigations on chitosan–carboxymethyl guar gum complexes interpolymer complexes for colon delivery of fluticasone. International Journal of Drug Delivery. 2010;2(1):242–250.
13. Savaliya P, Asif K, Ramana MV, et al. Chewing gum:A modern era of drug delivery. International Research Journal of Pharmacy. 2011;2(10):7–12.
14. Tavakoli N, Teimouri R, Ghassemi ND, et al. Characterization and evaluation of okra gum as a tablet binder. Jundishapur Journal of Pharmaceutical Natural Products. 2008;3(1):33–38.
15. Patel MT, Jitendra KP, Umesh MU. Assessment of various pharmaceutical excipients properties of natural Moringa oleifera gum. International Journal of Pharmacy & Life sciences. 2012;3(7):1833–1847.
16. Sharma K, Singh V. Natural biodegradable polymers as matrices in transdermal drug delivery. International Journal of Drug Development & Research. 2011;3(2):85–103.
17. Manjule DB, Gazi S, Bhalchandra K. Isolation and characterization of Hibiscus rosa sinensis Linn. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Sciences. 2012;1(3):942–947.
18. Patel VI, Patel HA, Jani M. Formulation and evaluation of okra fruit mucilage as a binder in paracetamol and ibuprofen tablet. International Journal for Pharmaceutical Research Scholars. 2012;1(4):156–161.
19. Reddy MR, Manjunath K. Pharmaceutical applications of natural gums, mucilages and pectins. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Sciences. 2013;2(3):1233–1239.
20. Patil DN, Kulkarni AR. Preparation and evaluation of Aegle marmelos gum as tablet binder. International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences. 2010;1(1):02–05.
21. Tekade BW. Evaluation of acacia catechu gum as a binder in tablet formulations. International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2011;2(4):616–620.
22. Shalini S. Advantages and applications of natural excipients. Asian J Pharm Res. 2012;2(1):30–39.
23. Phani KGK, Gangarao B, Kotha NSLR. Isolation and evaluation of tamarind seed polysaccharide being used as a polymer in pharmaceutical dosage forms. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences. 2011;2(2):274–290.
24. Rahim H, Azam MK, Amin B, et al. Evaluation of Prunus domestica gum as a novel tablet binder. Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2014;50(1):195–202.
25. Sangwan. Mucilages and their pharmaceutical applications:an overview.Pharmacologyonline. 2011;2:1265–1271.
26. Kundlik G, Arulkumaran, Ranju P, et al. A novel binding agent for pharmaceutical formulation from Cassia roxburghii seeds. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2009;1(1):01–05.
27. Azadbakht M, Fadakar Y. Assessment of Ferula gummosa gum as a binding agent in tablet formulations. Acta Pol Pharm. 2012;1(2):291–298.
28. Kwabena OK, Asantewaa y, Samuel LK. Physico–chemical and binding properties of cashew tree gum in metronidazole tablet formulations. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2010;2(4):105–109.
29. Rajiya BG, Aleemuddin MA, Gowtham T, et al. Effects of natural gums on formulation of oral sustained release matrix tablet of chlorzoxazone. International Research Journal of Pharmacy. 2012;3(4):426–431.
30. Rajamma AJ, Yogesha HN, Sateesha SB. Natural gums as sustained release carriers:development of gastroretentive drug delivery system of ziprasidone HCL. DARU Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2012;20(1):01–09.
31. Shivalingam MR, Arul KSGK, Jeslin D, et al. Cassia roxburghii seed galactomannan– A potential binding agent in the tablet formulation. J Biomed sciences and Research. 2010;2(1):18–22.
32. Naser T, Varshosaz J, Alireza G, et al. Evaluation of Trigonella foenum–graecum seeds as a novel tablet binder. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2012;4(1):97–101.
33. Nandre RS, Bhamre VG, Rajbhoj SS. Effect of temperature on binding properties of natural gum. International Research Journal of Pharmacy. 2014;5(8):633–635.
34. Lu P, Wenxia L, Huili W, et al. Using chitosan as a sizing promoter of ASA emulsion stabilized by montmorillonite. BioResources. 2013;8(4):4923–4936.
35. Olayemi O, Oremeyi J. Preliminary evaluation of Brachystegia eurycoma seed mucilage as tablet binder. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation. 2011;3(1):01–06.
36. Shah. Gum and mucilages:versatile excipients for pharmaceutical formulations. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2009;4(5):308–322.
37. Sarojini S, Manavalan R. Effect of natural almond gum as a binder in the formulation of diclofenac sodium tablets. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. 2010;1(3):55–60.
38. Choudhary PD, Pawar HA. Recently investigated natural gums and mucilages as pharmaceutical excipients :An overview. Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2014;1(1):01–09.
39. Prajapati VD, Jani GK, Moradiya NG, et al. Pharmaceutical applications of various natural gums, mucilages and their modified forms. Carbohydr Polym. 2013;92(2):1685–1699.
40. Caprita R, Adrian C, Calin J. Biochemical aspects of non–starch polysaccharides. Animal Sciences and Biotechnologies. 2010;43(1):368–375.
41. Miguel AC, Pinheiro AC, Bartolomeu WSS, et al. Extraction, purification and characterization of galactimannans from non–traditional sources. Carbohydrate Polymers. 2009;75(3):408–414.
42. Muazu J, Alpha A, Mahammed GT. Isolation and release retardant properties of a plant gum obtained from ayoyo. Carib J Sci Tech. 2014;2:301–313.
43. Ahmed SI, Smagoni JM. Modulating the release behaviour and kinetic evaluation of diclofenac sodium from natural polymers. International Journal of Chem Tech Research. 2010;2(2):834–841.
44. Femi OMN, Aremu OL, Kehinde OJ. Evaluation of Beilschmiedia seed gum as tablet binder. East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2009;12(1):15–18.
45. Braja P. Evaluation of binder’s efficiency of different natural gums in tableting process. Scholar Research Library. 2010;2(4):429–431.
46. Tadesse W, Desalegn G, Alia R. Natural gum and resin bearing species of Ethiopia. Invest Agrar:Sist Recur For. 2007;16(3):211–221.
47. Valluru R, Shivakumar HG. Investigation of kondagogu gum and ghatti gum as binders in formulating metaprolol tartrate tablets. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences. 2013;4(2):1110–1121.
48. Aditya KJ, Mousumi D, Arnab DE, et al. Determination of efficacy of a natural tablet binder:Characterization and invitro release study. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research. 2014;7(3):164–168.
49. Bahlul. Exploitation of gum olibanum as novel natural binding agent in the designing of oral furosemide formulations. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2010;3(1):71–74.
50. Amelia MA, Rakesh RD, Shilpa NS. Recent investigations of plant based natural gums, mucilages and resins in novel drug delivery systems. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research. 2011;45(1):86–99.
51. Muhammad K, Ramkrishnan Y. Functional and preliminary characterization of hydrocolloid from tamarillo puree. Molecules. 2012;17(6):6869–6885.
52. Sivakumar T, Selvam RP, Singh AK. Isolation, characterisation and formulation properties of a new plant gum obtained from mangifera indica. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Research. 2010;1(2):35–41.
53. Sharma HK, Lahkar S, Nath LK. Extraction, characterisation and compatibility study of polysaccharides from dillenia indica and abelmoschus esculentus with metformin hydrochloride for development of drug delivery system. International Journal of Pharm Tech Research. 2013;5(1):275–283.
54. Hossain MM, Kishor M, Tasmuna TT, et al. Investigations of film coating potential of okra gum by using diclofenac tablets as model drug. International Journal of Inventions in Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2013;1(3):250–255.
55. Divekar VB. Isolation and characterization of mucilage from lepidium sativum seeds. International Jouranl of Pharma Research & Development. 2010;2(1):01–05.
56. Ademoh NA. Natural honey and Nigerian gumarabic as composite binder for expendable foundery cores. AU Journal of Technology. 2011;15(2):70–76.
57. Maheshwar G, Hogade. Evaluation of binding properties of aegle marmelos fruit mucilage. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology. 2011;3(11):739–743.
58. Kulkarni TG, Gowthamarajan K, Brahmaji GR, et al. Evaluation of binding properties of selected natural mucilages. Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research. 2002;61:529–532.
59. Shanmugam S, Manavalan R. Natural polymers and their applications. Article. 2005;4(6):478–481.
60. Singh. Pharmaceutical characterization of cassia tora seed mucilage in tablet formulations. Scholar Research Library. 2010;2(5):54–61.
61. Betageri GV, Kadajji VG. Water soluble polymers for pharmaceutical applications. Polymers. 2011;3:1972–2009.
62. Prajapati BG, Patel MM. Crosslinked chitosan gel for local drug delivery of clotrimazole. E–Journal of Sciences and Technology. 2010;5(6):43–52.
63. Kharwade RS, Neha SV, Sachin MM. Formulation of mucoadhesive tablets by using aegle marmelos gum. International Journal of Applied Biology and Pharmaceutical Technology. 2011;2(1):154–161.
64. Mistry AK, Nagda CD, Nagda DC, et al. Formulation and in–vitro evaluation of ofloxacin tablets using natural gum as binder. Sci Pharm. 2014;82(2):441–448.
65. Maru SG. Natural polymer:Gum and mucilage as good pharmaceutical excipients. Ph Tech Med. 2012;1(2):64–74.
66. Mukherjee B, Dinda SC, Barik BB. Gum cordial:A novel matrix forming material for enteric resistant and sustained drug delivery–a technical note. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2008;9(1):330–333.