Submit manuscript...
eISSN: 2574-9927

Material Science & Engineering International Journal

Review Article Volume 6 Issue 4

Solar powered electric vehicle using maximum power point tracking

Shruti Sharma,1 Raju Kumar Swami,2 Raveendra Melavanki,1 Siddaraju C,2 Shyam M,2 Daruka Prasad B,3 Dhananjaya N,3 Srivatsan TS4

1M.Tech. Scholar, Department of Electrical Engineering, Pacific University, India
1Department of Physics, MS Ramaiah Institute of Technology, India
2Associate Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, Pacific University, India
2Department of Mechanical Engineering, M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, India
3Department of Physics, BMS Institute of Technology, India
4Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Akron, USA

Correspondence: Shruti Sharma, M.Tech. Scholar, Department of Electrical Engineering, Pacific University, India

Received: September 03, 2022 | Published: October 11, 2022

Citation: Sharma S, Swami RK. Solar powered electric vehicle using maximum power point tracking. Material Sci & Eng. 2022;6(4):132-135. DOI: 10.15406/mseij.2022.06.00190

Download PDF

Abstract

The solar energy with its unrestrictedaccessibility is measuredas non-degradable, immortalkind of energy that discovers its mean in day by dayexercise. The utilization of solar vehicle is an initiative pace headed forplummetingcraving on the conformistenergy;exploit the non-renewable cause of control for a range of submissions. This paper majorly intended on the various applications of solar energy to gear up the utilization of electric vehicles. The Photo Voltaic (PV) elementsattached either in comparable or sequencemay be a superiorchoice, but expensive too. An electrical charge is merged from the PV panel and aimed to the output terminal to generate low power voltage. The charge controllers (CC)unswerving this power obtainedwith the solar panels to the batteries. The outcomes are based on the “design and simulation” of different constituents of the solar based electric vehicles. The PV cell has to be optimally effective at a meticulousposition to carry maximum power known asMaximum Power Point (MPP). Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm is exploited at this point. The dynamic behavior of electric motor (EM) is essential in regulate to estimate the concert of electric vehicles. These vehicles will be controlled in the forward as well as reverse direction with a speed of 48Kmph. The efficiency obtained for proposed solar vehicle is higher.

Keywords: solar energy, photo voltaic, silicon carbide (sic) device, electric vehicle

Abbreviations

PV, photo voltaic; CC, charge controllers; MPP, maximum power point; MPPT, Maximum power point tracking; EM,electric motor

Introduction

A solar vehicle1 has advantages because it makes less noise, uses less energy, and emits less carbon dioxide. It comprises of an electric motor,2 a multilayer inverter, a battery, a PV panel, and a charger controller. The p-n junction in the solar cells is constructed of semiconductor material and is produced in a thin wafer layer.3 These cells produce a photocurrent proportional to the solar radiation when they are exposed to light. A solar cell's I-V characteristics in the dark exhibit an exponential behavior akin to a diode. The fundamental idea is that power from the solar panel is used to power a battery, which in turn powers the vehicle's motor in both forward and reverse motion.4The modeling of solar cells, MPPT controllers, and Silicon Carbide (SiC) boost converters is the main emphasis of this work. In MATLAB, the simulations are run.5

Electric vehicles are utilized frequently because of its many advantages, including simple maintenance, low operating costs, and environmental friendliness. The primary way that electric motors in electric cars are propelled is through the storage of electrical energy in rechargeable batteries.6,7 Though popularized in the 21st century as a development of internal combustion engines, the 1880s were the year of creation. The electric engine can function as a generator,8 allowing energy to be recovered when the car is being stopped. Burke provides a general exchange of the strategy and operation of charged vehicles(Figure 1).

Figure 1 Process flow of battery electric vehicle.

Methodology

Here a process used to achieve the work is presented in this section. It includes selection and modeling of polycrystalline PV panel. For this purpose an experimental test bench was built and the results are verified with the simulation. Thereafter applied a stand-alone photovoltaic system under variable temperature and irradiance conditions. After that the device characteristics of SiC MOSFET is analyzed for converter.9-13 Optimal designing of the power electronic converter is suited. At last MPPT controller used for output power simulation.To maximize the output power from a PV cell with the help of MPPT control,14 the modeling of PV cell is necessary(Figure 2).

Figure 2 Methodologies used.

Modeling of PV with maximum power point

One of the most abundant and cleanest sources of energy is solar energy. Free energy from the sun is sent to the ground, where it is turned into electricity by the photoelectric effect.15-18 So, there are numerous uses for the solar PV that is produced.The benefits of solar PV generating over other renewable technologies include: I abundance and sustainability; (ii) green, clean, and pollution-free; (iii) reliability; and (iv) lifetime. Solar PV, however, is reliant on the weather. The maximum power point, or MPP, is the only operational point where the greatest amount of PV power is offered. Additionally, the location of the maximum power point is variable and depends on the load, temperature, and radiation. The necessity of the hour is for photovoltaic panels to produce the most power possible.19-23

Even when voltage rises, the variance in the DC power produced by the solar cell proportionally rises with voltage and reaches the maximum point known as maximum power.24,25

Pm= Vmpp*Impp

Analysis

PV panel specifications

The temperature at which a PV module is functioning affects its output power as well. Io, the saturation current, is strongly influenced by temperature while Iph is very marginally affected.26 The reverse saturation current rises as the cell temperature rises, causing the open circuit voltage to fall and the peak power27,28 to decrease concurrently (Table 1).

S.No.

Parameters

Specifications

1

VOC

31.6V

2

IOC

8.57A

3

Pmax

250W

4

Insolation W/m2

1000 W/m2

5

Fill Factor (FF)

76.72%

Table 1 PV panel specifications

Figures 3 and 4 depict the PV and VI properties for varied irradiance at constant temperature. The output current and output voltage both raise as the irradiation does. As a result, there is an overall increase in output power while maintaining a steady temperature.29

Figure 3 PV characteristics for variable irradiance.

Figure 4 VI characteristics for variable irradiance.

Figure 5 displays the PV power and current with variable temperature and constant illumination.

Figure 5 PV characteristics for variable temperature.

Solar PV is one of the cleanest and most abundant sources of power available to supply all of the world's energy needs. It has been a key component of renewable energy systems. The user's knowledge and ability in selecting the appropriate rule base-which depends on the chosen membership functions—determines the method's efficacy, though.

The PV power utilizing AFLC is shown in Figure 6. The obtained power value with an irradiation of 500W/m2 is approximately 185 W. Similarly, the value of PV power in AFLC is larger than in the traditional MPPT30-36 for 600W/m2 and 800W/m2.

Figure 6 PV power using MPPT.

The PV power utilizing AFLC is shown in Figure 7. For an irradiance of 500W/m2, AFLC yields a current value of around 6 A. Similarly, the value of PV power in AFLC is larger than in the traditional MPPT for 600 W/m2 and 800 W/m2.

Figure 7 PV current using MPPT.

The analysis has given an AFLC MPPT method that combines adaptive and fuzzy algorithms to help detangle complexity without sacrificing the goal of high performance(Table 2).

S.No.

MPP Technique

800W/m2

Output Power (W)

Efficiency (%)

1

AFLC

230

215

93.5

2

FLC

230

190

82.6

3

I&C

230

175

76.03

4

P&O

230

150

66.21

Table 2 Calculation of efficiency

Conclusion

The research effort has summarized adaptive fuzzy logic control for solar system tracking of maximum power point. A boost converter for solar applications built on a SiC MOSFET has been created. SiC MOSFET properties are examined, and performance is contrasted with that of the conventional Si MOSFET. It has been found that the suggested SiC converter reduces input current and output voltage ripple. In addition, compared to a Si boost converter, SiC's efficiency and loss reductions are superior. As a result, the SiC boost converter is preferable for solar power systems. The lead-acid battery's effective equivalent circuit was put into practice. Experimental verification is done for the battery's charging and discharging characteristics. The recommended control strategy for the fault tolerant capability maintains neutral-point voltage balance and generates a steady and continuous output for both open circuit and short circuit instances when a single device fails.

Acknowledgments

I would like to thank Dr. Raju Kumar Swami for his consistent support and encouragement.

Conflicts of interest

The author hereby declares of having not conflict of interest in this article.

Funding

None.

References

  1. Acarnley PP. Current measurement in three-phase brushless DC drives. IEE Proceedings B Electric Power Applications. 1993;140(1):71–79.
  2. Ahmad Al-Diab, Sourkounis C. Variable step size P&O MPPT algorithm for PV systems. 12th International Conference on Optimization of Electrical and Electronic Equipment, (OPTIM); 2010. 1097–1102 p.
  3. Arul Kumar P, Subramaniam NP. Chaotic triangular carrier based non-deterministic spwm strategy for voltage source inverter drives. Indian Journal of Science and Technology. 2015;8(9):842–848.
  4. ArunNoyal Doss M, Premkumar E, Ranjith Kumar G, et al. Harmonics and torque ripple reduction of brushless dc motor (bldcm) using cascaded h-bridge multilevel inverter. IEEE International Conference on Power, Energy and Control; 2013. 296–299 p.
  5. Averbukh M, Ben-Galim Y, Uhananov A. Development of a quick dynamic response maximum power point tracking algorithm for off-grid system with adaptive switching (on–off) control of dc/dc converter. Journal Solar Energy Engineering. 2013;135(2):1268–1279.
  6. Balasubramanian G, Singaravelu S. Fuzzy logic controller for the maximum power point tracking in photovoltaic system. International Journal of Computer Applications. 2012;41(12):22–28.
  7. Barbosa P, Steimer P, Steinke J, et al. Active neutral- point-clamped multilevel converters. IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference; 2005. 2296–2301 p.
  8. Blaajerg F, Pedersen JK, Jaeger U, et al. Single current sensor technique in dc link of three phase PWM-VS inverters: a review and a novel solution. IEEE Transactions on Industry applications. 1997;33(5):1241–1253.
  9. Bouchafaa F, Hamzaoui I, Hadjammar A. Fuzzy logic control for the tracking of maximum power point of a pv system. Energy Procedia. 2011;6:633–642.
  10. ChanSu Yun, Malberti P, Ciappa M, et al. Thermal component model for electro thermal analysis of IGBT module systems. IEEE Transactions on Advanced Packaging. 2001;24(3):401–406.
  11. Chekired F, Larbes C, Rekioua D, et al. Implementation of a MPPT fuzzy controller for photovoltaic systems on FPGA circuit. International conference on MEDGREEN. 2011;6:541–549.
  12. Chen D, Fang JC. Commutation torque ripple reduction in PM brushless DC motor with non-ideal trapezoidal back EMF. Proceeding of the CSEE. 2008;28(30):79–83.
  13. Chen W, Xia CL, Xue M. A torque ripple suppression circuit for brushless DC motors based on power DC/DC converters. IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications. 2008;1453–1457.
  14. Chuang HS, Ke YL, Chuang YC. Analysis of commutation torque ripple using different PWM modes in BLDC motors. IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Technical Conference. 2009;1–6.
  15. Cordeiro A, Silva JF, Pinto SF, et al. Fault-tolerant design for a three-level neutral-point-clamped multilevel inverter topology. IEEE International conference on computer as a tool. 2011;1-4.
  16. Sun DS, Cheng X, Xia XQ. Research of novel modeling and simulation approach of brushless dc motor control system. International conference on E-product E-service and E-entertainment. 2010;1–5.
  17. Koutroulis E, Kalaitzakis K, Voulgaris NC. Development of a microcontroller-based, photovoltaic maximum power point tracking control system. IEEE transactions on power electronics. 2001;16(1):46–54.
  18. Feix G, Dieckerhoff S, Allmeling J, et al. Simple methods to calculate IGBT and diode conduction and switching losses. 13th European conference on Power Electronics and application. 2009;1–8.
  19. Francois B, Hautier JP. Design of a fault tolerant control system for a NPC multilevel inverter. IEEE International Symposium on industrial electronics. 2002;1075–1080.
  20. GovindRaju G, JohnPowl R, Sathishkumar S, et al. Mitigation of torque for brushless dc motor: modeling and control. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research. 2012;3(5):1–5.
  21. Ahmed Sher H, Ali Murtaza F, Noman A, et al. An intelligent control strategy of fractional short circuit current maximum power point tracking technique for photovoltaic applications. Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy. 2015;7(1):448–460.
  22. Hohm DP, Ropp ME. Comparative study of maximum power point tracking algorithms using experimental, programmable, maximum power point tracking test bed. IEEE Photovoltaic specialist conference. 2000;1699–1702.
  23. Ewanchuk J, Salmon J, Vafakhah B. A five-/nine-level twelve-switch neutral-point-clamped inverter for high- speed electric drives. IEEE Energy conversion congress and exposition. 2010;2333–2340.
  24. Zhang J, Lu C, Zhang X, et al. FEM-based thermal analysis of IGBT. Asia Pacific Conference on Microelectronics and Electronics. 2010;321–324.
  25. Fang J, Li H, Han BC. Torque ripple reduction in bldc torque motor with non-ideal back emf. IEEE Transactions on power Electronics. 2011;27(11)4630–4637.
  26. Jin Li, Jinjun Liu, Boroyevich D, et al. Three-level active neutral-point-clamped zero-current-transition converter for sustainable energy systems. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics. 2011;26(12):3680–3693.
  27. Qian J, Khan A, Batarseh I. Turn-off switching loss model and analysis of igbt under different switching operation modes. IEEE International Conference on Industrial Electronics, Control, and Instrumentation. 1995;240–245.
  28. Li J, Wang H. Maximum power point tracking of photovoltaic generation based on the fuzzy control method. IEEE international conference on sustainable power generation and supply. 2009;1–6.
  29. Jun W, Xiaohu Z. 10-kV SiC MOSFET-based boost converter. IEEE Transactions on Industry applications. 2009;45(6):2056–2063.
  30. Khaehintung N, Wiangtong T, Sirisuk P. FPGA implementation of MPPT using variable step-size p&o algorithm for pv applications. IEEE International Symposium on Communications and Information technologies. 2006;6:212–215.
  31. Kim KH, Youn MJ. Performance comparison of PWM inverter and variable dc link inverter schemes for high-speed sensor less control of BLDC motor. Electronics Letters. 2002;38(21)1294–1295.
  32. Lai YS, Lin YL. Assessment of pulse-width modulation techniques for brushless DC motor drives. IEEE Industry applications conference. 2006;1629–1636.
  33. Lalouni S, Rekioua D, Rekioua T, et al. Fuzzy logic control of stand-alone photovoltaic system with battery storage. Journal of Power Sources. 2009;193:899–907.
  34. Li Q, Huang H, Yin B. The study of PWM methods in permanent magnet brushless DC motor speed control system. International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems ICEMS. 2008;3897–3900.
  35. Lin Bai. Electric drive system with bldc motor. International conference on electric information and control engineering. 2011;359–363.
  36. Lu H, Zhang L, Qu W. A new torque control method for torque ripple minimization of BLDC motors with un-ideal back EMF. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics. 2008;23(2) 950–958.
Creative Commons Attribution License

©2022 Sharma, et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and build upon your work non-commercially.