Proteomics & Bioinformatics

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Received: January 01, 1970 | Published: ,

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Abstrat

The word plastic is adopted from the Greek terminology referring to “capable of being shaped or molded”. These are largely synthetic petrochemicals, but are sometimes found naturally. Today, plastics have become an inevitable part of the human life. Plastics are one of the major causes of environmental pollution. Not only that, it is noted that the chemical Bisphenol A (BPA) present in the plastics trigger the formation of breast cancer. The present article elucidates the environmental factors causing breast cancer and the steps taken to prevent the growth of such incidences.

Keywords: plastics, breast cancer, bisphenol a, BPA, environmental pollution

Introduction

Plastic pollution is one of the major threats of the world these days. Plastic pollution refers to the accumulation of plastic and its products causing severe adverse environmental issues not only to humans but also to the animals and plants.¹ These are one of the major compositions of land and water pollutions.² Though; known for these adverse effects plastic has become an integral part of human life. It was noted earlier that the industrial effluents hamper the normal physiological responses^3,4 mimicking steroids, retinoid, thyroid hormones and lipophilic hormones.^5–9

Bisphenol A (BPA) is used in the preparation of polycarbonate plastics seen widely in the consumer products,¹⁰ which was firstly synthesized in 1891¹¹ and is “BPA is usually known as Estrogenic agent”,¹² both in vivo and in vitro¹⁰ and binds to the same receptor as the female hormone does. Vanden Berg et al.,¹³ in 2009 stated that humans come in contact with BPA primly when they consume food and water from the materials used for containers and packages. This endocrine disruptor thus, enters the body by ‘Leaching’ results when the polymer breaks to release the BPA monomers.^14,15

BPA binds and activates estrogen receptors ER α and ER β, but with a much lesser affinity when compared to estradiols¹⁶ Figure 1.

Figure 1 Proposed mechanism of action of BPA.¹⁷

Physiologically BPA can alter the ovarian cycle and interferes with the embryonic development and exerts its role in many physiological and biological changes in women,^10,17–20 besides causing a variety of cancers^21,22 including breast cancer.

Chemically BPA (CH3)2C(C6H4OH)2, Figure 2, is a colorless compound belongs to diphenyl methane derivatives and bisphenol with two hydroxyl phenyl groups. It is soluble in organic solvents.

Figure 2 Structure of BPA and MBP.

The objective of the present article is to assess and understand the ADMET / toxicological properties of Bisphenol A and its metabolite, 4-methyl-2, 4- bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) pent-1-ene [MBP] after they enter the human body.

Materials and methods

Software used

Discovery studio Accerly 2.5, ADMET predictors.

Selection of the molecules

The molecules for the present study were imported from Pubchem with the IDs 6623 and 83494 for Bisphenol A and MBP respectively.

Result and discussion

Upon studying the ADMET descriptors which gives an idea of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion-toxicity in pharmacokinetics of a given compound. following are studied and understood for the compound, taking the standard parameters as constant; ADMET Absorption: which Predicts Human Intestinal Absorption (HIA) after it is orally administered, ADMET Aqueous Solubility: which predicts the solubility of each of the compounds in water at 25°C, ADMET Blood Brain Barrier: that helps in predicting the ratio of concentrations of compound on both sides of the blood brain membrane after oral administration, ADMET Plasma Protein Binding: this predicts whether or not a compound is likely to be highly bound to carrier proteins in the blood, ADMET CYP2D6 Binding: Predicts cytochrome P450 2D6 enzyme inhibition, ADMET Hepatotoxicity:²³ Predicts dose-dependent human hepato toxicity of compounds. Table 1 shows the ADMET results of MBP and BPA and Figure 3 represents the ADMET plot and Figure 4 demonstrates the graphical, comparative results of ADMET.

	Name	ADMET_BBB	ADMET_BBB_Level	ADMET_Absorption	ADMET_Solubility	ADMET_Solubility_Level	ADMET_Hepatotoxic
1	83,494	0.654	1	0	-4.39	2	1
2	Bisphenol A	0.355	1	0	-3.594	3	1

ADMET_Hepatotoxic	ADMET_CYP2D6	ADMET_CYP2D6_Level	ADMET_PPB_Level	ADMET_AlogP98	ADMET_Unknown	ADMET_PSA_2D
1	0	0.346	2	4.746	0	41.631
1	0	0.247	1	3.778	0	41.631

Table 1 ADMET results

Figure 3 ADMET plot

Figure 4 Graphical, comparative ADMET results.

Blood brain barrier

The results states that the MBP has high penetration level when compared to that of Bisphenol A.

ADMET BBB penetration level

The obtained results states that the penetration levels of the compounds fall in the category of high penetration value with the level of 1.

ADMET absorption

The level obtained for both the compounds is 0 stating that they can be absorbed easily by the human intestinal system.

ADMET solubility/level

The compounds show a moderate to good level of solubility.

ADMET hepatotoxicity

The hepatotoxicity model predicts potential organ toxicity for a wide range of structurally diverse compounds.

The generated values states that the compounds are likely to cause toxicity to the liver with the score of 0.7.

ADMET CYP2D6

The generated values show that the compounds, non inhibitor and unlikely to inhibit CYP2D6 enzyme with the score of 0.346 and 0.247 respectively.

Conclusion

The present article elucidates on the toxic effects of plastic and its byproduct. In order to reduce its hazardous effects on humans, it is utmost essential to reduce its encounter. BPA and MBP have already proved to alter and induce certain notable changes in breast cancer and in the mammary glands. Their binding affinities with ER α and ER β were also studied and analyzed by Barker and Chandsawangbhuwana. In conclusion, I strongly feel that there should be more awareness among the people on this aspect. Further, it should be made known to the people to minimize eating canned food and polycarbonate plastic food containers and to choose fresh foods.