Bioindication of aquatic habitats with diatom algae in the Pamir Mountains, Tajikistan

doi:10.15406/mojes.2018.03.00075

Paper represents the first results of bioindication analysis of water quality in the Pamir aquatic habitats including rivers, lakes, mineral and hot springs with help of diatom algae. Altogether 438 bioindicators taxa were revealed from 558 known diatom algae in Pamir. Twelve environmental properties were assessed with help of species autecology. Bioindication analysis was doing for environmental parameters of water temperature, pH, salinity, and oxygen saturation as well as was assessed substrate preferences and nutrition type of diatoms, trophic state of water bodies and water quality on the base of organic pollution indications. We was find that diatoms in Pamir are strongly autotrophes, benthic or plankto–benthic inhabitants that preferred low–saline, low–alkaline, middle oxygenated clear fresh water with low organical pollution and oligo–to meso–eutrophic state. Compative floristics of Pamir and surrounding diatom floras let us to assume that studied algal flora can represent regional reference area for close related high mountains habitats.

Keywords: diatoms, algal flora, bioindication, pamir, tajikistan

The ecological assessments of environmental variables ranges that can characterize inhabited water body, river basin or even region are progressive and economic methods that implemented for many countries in monitoring, and one of them is algal bioindication.¹ Diversity of algae in Tajikistan has been studied sporadically during the last century. The uppermost part of Tajikistan territory is Pamir where the large regional rivers Panj and Gunt are started. The rivers and streams in Pamir are placed in high mountains and started from glaciers. The altitude gradient of the Pamir aquatic habitats is represent of about two thousand meters and ranged between 2,000 and 4,000 m above the sea level (a.s.l.). This high mountain area is very rich in thermal and mineral waters, which in a way are unique habitats characterized by a constantly as well as high temperature from 10 ˚С to 86 ˚С, various chemical compositions and saturation by carbon dioxide, nitrogen gase and hydrogen sulphide. It classify as hydrogen sulfide–siliceous, hydrocarbonate–sulphate–calcium–magnesium, chloride–sulfate–calcium–sodium, hydrocarbonate–sulfate–sodium and weak radon–chloride–sulfate.^2,3 In these waters, for many centuries, a special community of algae with a specific species composition and degree of species resistance to peculiarly extreme environmental conditions was formed and developed. Rivers and lakes are numerous in Pamir in altitude gradient. Therefore, Pamir is one of high altitude area in Eurasia with close relations to Hindu Kush, Altay, and Himalayas. Its territory have diverse aquatic habitats from clear freshwater large rivers, streams, lakes, to mineral and thermal springs which are occupied by diverse algal communities. Freshwater algae are widely used in ecological assessment of water quality.¹ It is very important to know about algal diversity in inland waters because most of algal species can be used as environmental indicators. Usually, diatom algae represent about one–half of species richness in the well–studied middle–latitudinal regional algal floras.⁴ The references literature data on Pamir regional algal flora is known before our study from sporadically collected material in period 1930–1983.^5–9 The regular work has been in 2000–2006 by G.R. Jumaeva.¹⁰ Our own study of diatoms in thermal and mineral springs is enriched the regional diversity by 134 diatom species (166 with infraspecific taxa).¹¹ We assume that the diversity of this group of algae in Pamir is still far from complete. Altogether 558 taxa of diatom algae are known in Pamir aquatic habitats as a result of references collecting data and our own research.¹² So, the list of species and studied waterbodies are representative for ecological characteristic of this highmountain territory. Thus, the aim of our work was to reveal bioindicator species in the full taxa list of diatom algae from different habitats of Pamir and to characterize of water quality on the base of species autecology by bioindication methods.

Sampling and laboratory studies

Our own material for this analysis is comes from 150 samples collected during few field trips in summer period of 2000–2015 from various thermal and mineral springs located at an altitude from 2,360 m to 3,800 m above the sea level.¹¹ Algological samples were collected by scratching and scooping, placed in 15 ml plastic tubes, and partly fixed with 3% neutral formaldehyde solution, as well as partly not fixed and transported to the laboratory in the ice box. The diatoms shells were prepared by the peroxide technique⁹ modified for glass slides¹⁰and were placed in the Naphrax® resin in two repetitions from each sample. The structure elements of the diatom shells were observed with Nikon stereomicroscope under magnifications 740x–1850x from two repetitions of each sample and were photographed with a DC in the Institute of Botany, Plant Physiology and Genetics, Dushanbe, Republic of Tajikistan, and the Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa. Diatom species were defined from permanent glass slides with help of international handbooks and its scientific names were validated with help of algaebase.org. Autecology of diatom taxa was taken from our database.¹³

Taxonomic data compilation

Total species list of the Pamir diatom flora was compiled in first time¹² from our study of the mineral and thermal springs as well as from referenced lists in publications about diatom diversity in Pamir aquatic habitats.^2,3,5–11 All collected taxonomic data was adapted to the modern taxonomic system with help of algaebase.org. Taxonomic list was analyzed in the Microsoft Access 2013 Program.

Diversity of diatom algae in pamir habitats

Altogether 558 taxa of species and subspecies levels has been revealed form the references data and our own study in Pamir.¹² We studied earlier the influence of habitats altitude on species richness of freshwater algae and find that diversity is increased with increasing altitude¹⁴ up to two thousand meters a.s.l. Our list of diatom species in Pamir is comparable with richness of diatoms in close placed and well studied mountain regional floras such as South–Tajik Depression or Caucasus,^15–17 but in the regions where algal diversity study are in initial stage like Kabul River basin in Pakistan^18,19 the Pamir diversity of diatoms looks like much richer. Bioindication properties were found for 438 taxa of diatoms from Pamir aquatic habitats. The list of bioindicators contains about 78.4% of total species list of Pamir diatoms (Table 1). Therefore, the bioindicational analysis can be satisfy representative.

Bioindicational analysis of the Pamir environment based on diatom algae autecology

Bioindicators of Pamir environment were revealed for ten ecological variables: substrate preferences, water oxygen saturation, water pH, salinity, organic pollution related to self–purification zones and Indices of saprobity, trophic level of ecosystem habitat, and type of nutrition of diatom cells (Table 1). Can be seen, that substrate preferences are the property of species, which mostly represented in the Pamir diatom flora (428). Salinity preferences are known for 411 taxa, and water pH for 390. Organic pollution indicators are represented by more than 300 taxa. Important for aquatic inhabitants’ property, the water oxygen saturation can be accessed on the base of 261 indicator taxa. Less known property of diatoms is the water temperature preferences. Nevertheless, the temperature preference is known for 89 diatoms species in Pamir. We were constructed the distribution of indicator taxons of each of the environmental indicators over trend of amplifying the value of the indicator group for the revealing prevailed groups of indicators. Standard deviation line was added to each distribution for cut off the dominant groups. The trend line also was constructed to show each variables tendency in Pamir. The distributions were constructed for indicator groups as the environmental property increases. So, three ecological groups were found in 428 substrate preferences indicators in the Pamir diatom flora (Figure 1). Trend line of distribution show sharp increasing of benthic group in species number. The STDEV line, also added to most ecologically important groups the planktonic–benthic group of species that preferred slowly streaming waters. Temperature preferences indicators are divided into four ecological groups for Pamir. Can be seen (Figure 1) that temperate water temperature species are prevail, but important also that cool–water species and warm–water indicators are visible in distribution but cannot be included in the dominant groups as shows the STDEV line.

Indicators of water oxygen saturation reflect the predominance of slowly streaming waters group (Figure 1), but species preferring streaming waters also were numerous and over the STDEV line. Water pH indicators were represented by six ecological groups with prevailing of indifferent and alkaliphilic species as can be seen with trend and STDEV lines (Figure 1). Water salinity indication reflect fresh and low–saline waters in Pamir (Figure 2) as is shown by trend and STDEV lines, although the wide amplitude of indicators is presented from halophobes to mesohalobes. Organic pollution indication by diatom species according T. Watanabe (Figure 2) show prevailence of middle–polluted waters group with the trend line, but with STDEV line can be seen in dominant groups the saproxenes also, that are indicators of fresh clear natural waters. Seven groups of trophic state indicators were revealed in Pamir diatom flora (Figure 2) in which tendency to oligotrophic groups can be seen with trend line. Nevertheless, STDEV line shows two different groups of trophic indicators related to not only oligotrophic waters (on left in Figure 2) but also to mesotrophic and eutrophic waters (on right in Figure 2). Therefore, the indicators distribution reflects the different trophic state of the Pamir water bodies from oligotrophic to eutrophic. The distribution of Pamir diatom indicators over the nutrition types properties of organisms show strongly prevailing of autotrophs that preferred photosynthetic way of nutrition in the ecosystems (Figure 2). Assessment of organic pollution was doing with help of grouping of saprobity indicators to major Water Quality Classes based on the species–specific saprobity according Sládeček. Figure 2 show that diatoms in Pamir are divided into four water quality Classes that reflects the waters from natural clear to significantly polluted. The colors in the Class of Water Quality histogram are as in EU color code. This distribution shows Classes 2 and 3 prevailing with both, trend and STDEV lines. Pamir environment bioindicational analysis show similar results with other high mountain regions such as Caucasus¹⁶ where mountain part of territory has minimal anthropogenic influence. In contrary, even in close related South–Tadjik Depression algal flora¹⁵ we can see of anthropogenic influence doing mostly from agriculture. In such low studied regions with high agricultural and other human activity, as the Kabul River valley with tributaries from Hindu Kush to Peshawar,^18,19 can be seen decreasing of algal species richness with increasing of water pollution by salinity and organic matters. Therefore, the Pamir diatom algal flora can represent the regional background diversity for comparing of closely spaced high mountain habitats.

Figure 1 Distribution of species indicators of the diatom Pamir algal flora over the ecological groups of substrate preferences, temperature, oxygen saturation, and water pH. The ecological categories abbreviations as in Table 1.

Figure 2 Distribution of species indicators of the diatom Pamir flora over the ecological groups of salinity, organic pollution according Watanabe, trophic state, nutrition type, and water quality Class based on the species–specific saprobity according Sládeček. The colors in the Class of Water Quality histogram are in EU color code. The ecological categories abbreviations as in Table 1.

No.	Taxa	Hab	T	Oxy	pH	Sal	D	Sap	S	Tro	Aut–Het
1	Achnanthes brevipes C Agardh var. brevipes	B	–	–	alf	hl	–	b	2	me	–
2	Achnanthes brevipes var. intermedia (Kützing) Cleve	B	–	st	–	mh	–	–	–	–	–
3	Achnanthes coarctata (Brébisson ex W. Smith) Grunow in Cleve and Grunow	B	–	ae	ind	hl	–	x	0.2	ot	–
4	Achnanthes conspicua var. brevistriata Hustedt	B	–	–	ind	i	sx	o	1	–	–
5	Achnanthes dispar var. angustissima (Jasnitsky) Sheshukova in Proschkina–Lavrenko	B	–	–	–	hb	–	–	–	–	–
6	Achnanthes exigua Grunow in Cleve & Grunow	B	eterm	st–str	alf	i	sp	b	2	o–e	ate
7	Achnanthidium exile (Kützing) Heiberg	B	–	str	alb	i	sx	o–a	1.8	o–m	ats
8	Achnanthidium gracillimum (Meister) Lange–Bertalot	B	–	–	alf	–	–	o–x	0.7	–	–
9	Achnanthidium lanceolatum var. ventricosum (Hustedt) Poretsky	B	warm	–	alf	i	sx	x–b	0.8	–	–
10	Achnanthidium lineare W Smith	P–B	–	–	ind	i	es	o–b	1.5	me	–
11	Achnanthidium minutissimum (Kützing) Czarnecki	P–B	eterm	st–str	ind	i	es	x–b	0.95	o–e	ate
12	Achnanthidium minutum Cleve	B	–	–	acf	hb	–	–	–	–	–
13	Actinella punctata FW Lewis	B	–	–	acf	hb	–	o	1	ot	–
14	Adlafia bryophila (Petersen JB) Lange–Bertalot in Gerd Moser, Lange–Bertalot & Metzeltin	P–B, aer	–	st–str	acf	–	–	o–x	0.7	ot	–
15	Adlafia minuscula (Grun.) Lange–Bertalot var. minuscula	P–B	–	st–str	ind	–	es	a–o	2.8	ot	–
16	Adlafia minuscula var. muralis (Grunow) Lange–Bertalot in Lange–Bertalot & Genkal	B	–	–	–	–	sp	a–o	2.8	–	–
17	Amphora commutata Grunow in Van Heurck	B	–	–	–	hl,mh	–	–	–	e	–
18	Amphora libyca Ehrenberg	B	temp	st	alf	i	es	o–b	1.5	o–m	–
19	Amphora mongolica Østrup var. mongolica	B	–	–	ind	i	–	–	–	–	–
20	Amphora ovalis (Kützing) Kützing var. ovalis	B	temp	st–str	alf	i	sx	o–b	1.5	me	ate
21	Amphora ovalis var. gracilis (Ehrenberg) Van Heurck	B	–	–	alf	i	sx	o–b	1.5	–	–
22	Amphora pediculus (Kütz.) Grun. ex A. Schmidt	B	temp	st	alf	i	es	b–o	1.7	o–m	ate
23	Aneumastus apiculatus (Østrup) Lange–Bertalot in Lange–Bertalot & Genkal	P–B	–	–	acf	–	–	b	2	ot	–
24	Aneumastus minor Lange–Bertalot	P–B	–	–	alf	i	–	o	1.2	o–m	–
25	Aneumastus rostratus (Hustedt) Lange–Bertalot	P–B	–	–	alf	i	–	b	2	–	–
26	Aneumastus tuscula (Ehrenberg) Mann DG & Stickle in Round AJ, Crawford RM & Mann DG	P–B	–	–	alf	i	–	x–b	0.9	o–e	–
27	Anomoeoneis costata (Kützing) Hustedt	B	–	–	–	mh	–	a–o	2.7	–	–
28	Anomoeoneis sphaerophora Pfitzer var. sphaerophora	B	warm	st–str	alf	hl	–	a–o	2.7	me	ate
29	Anomoeoneis sphaerophora var. guentheri Otto Müller	B	–	–	acf	hl	–	–	–	–	–
30	Anomoeoneis sphaerophora var. sculpta (Ehrenberg) Otto Müller	B	–	–	–	mh	–	a–o	2.7	–	–
31	Aulacoseira alpigena (Grunow) Krammer	P–B	cool	st–str	alf	i	sp	x–b	0.8	ot	ats
32	Aulacoseira distans (Ehrenberg) Simonsen	P–B	cool	str	acf	i	sp	x–o	0.4	ot	ats
33	Aulacoseira granulata (Ehrenberg) Simonsen var. granulata	P–B	temp	st–str	ind	i	es	b	2	me	ate
34	Aulacoseira granulata var. angustissima (Müll O) Simons.	P	temp	st–str	ind	i	es	b	2.1	o–m	ate
35	Aulacoseira italica (Ehrenberg) Simonsen	P–B	cool	st–str	ind	i	es	o–b	1.45	me	–
36	Aulacoseira valida (Grunow) Krammer	P–B	–	–	ind	i	es	o	1.3	o–m	–
37	Bacillaria paxillifera (Müller OF) Marsson T	P–B	–	–	ind	hl	es	b	2.3	me	ate
38	Brachysira exilis (Kützing) Round & Mann DG	B	–	–	alb	hl	es	x–b	0.8	ot	–
39	Brachysira microcephala (Grunow) Compère	B	–	–	–	i	sx	o	1	–	–
40	Brachysira serians (Brébisson) Round & Mann DG	B	–	st–str	acf	hb	–	x	0.2	ot	ats
41	Brebissonia lanceolata (Agardh) Mahoney and Reimer	P–B	temp	–	alf	i	–	x–o	0.4	–	–
42	Caloneis amphisbaena (Bory) Cleve	B	–	st–str	alf	i	–	b	2.3	me	ate
43	Caloneis bacillum (Grunow) Cleve	B	temp	st–str	ind	i	es	o	1.3	me	ats
44	Caloneis limosa (Kützing) R.M.Patrick in Patrick & Reimer	P–B	–	st–str	alf	i	es	o	1.1	m	ats
45	Caloneis molaris (Grunow) Krammer in Krammer & Lange–Bertalot	B	–	str	ind	i	es	o	1	ot	–
46	Caloneis schumaniana (Grunow) Cleve var. schumaniana	P–B	–	st–str	ind	i	es	x–b	0.9	o–m	ats
47	Caloneis silicula (Ehrenberg) Cleve var. silicula	B	–	st	ind	i	sp	o	1.3	o–m	ats
48	Caloneis silicula var. jenissejensis Grunow	B	–	st	acf	hl	–	–	–	–	–
49	Caloneis silicula var. kjellmaniana Cleve	B	–	–	alb	i	–	–	–	–	–
50	Caloneis tenuis (Gregory) Krammer	B	–	str	neu	i	–	x	0.2	ot	ats
51	Caloneis undulata (Gregory) Krammer	B	–	st	acf	i	–	o	1	ot	ats
52	Caloneis ventricosa (Ehrenberg) F. Meister var. ventricosa	B	–	st	alf	i	sp	o	1.3	–	–
53	Caloneis ventricosa var. truncatula (Grunow) Meister	B	–	–	–	–	–	o	1.3	–	–
54	Campylodiscus clypeus (Ehrenberg) Ehrenberg ex Kützing	B	temp	–	alb	mh	–	b	2	e	–
55	Cavinula cocconeiformis (Gregory ex Greville) Crawford & Mann	P–B	–	str	ind	i	es	x–o	0.4	o–m	ats
56	Cavinula scutelloides (Smith W) Lange–Bertalot in Lange–Bertalot & Metzeltin	B	–	–	–	I	–	o–b	1.5	me	–
57	Cocconeis disculus (Schumann) Cleve in Cleve & Jentzsch	B	–	st	alf	i	es	o–x	0.7	me	–
58	Cocconeis neodiminuta Krammer	P–B	temp	st–str	alf	i	sx	x–b	0.9	me	–
59	Cocconeis pediculus Ehrenberg	B	–	st–str	alf	i	sx	o–a	1.8	me	ate
60	Cocconeis placentula Ehrenberg var. placentula	P–B	temp	st–str	alf	i	es	o	1.35	me	ate
61	Cocconeis placentula var. euglypta (Ehrenberg) Grunow	P–B	temp	st–str	alf	i	sx	o	1.3	o–m	ate

62	Cocconeis placentula var. intermedia (Héribaud–Joseph & Peragallo M) Cleve	B	–	st–str	alf	i	–	o–b	1.4	ot	ate
63	Cocconeis placentula var. lineata (Ehrenberg) Van Heurck	P–B	–	st–str	alf	i	sx	o	1.2	o–m	ate
64	Cocconeis placentula var. rouxii (Héribaud–Joseph & Brun) Cleve	B	–	–	alf	i	–	o–b	1.4	–	–
65	Cocconeis scutellum Ehrenberg	B	–	–	alf	hl	–	b	2	me	–
66	Cosmioneis pusilla (Smith W) Mann DG & Stickle in Round AJ, Crawford & Mann	P–B, aer	–	str	ind	hl	sp	o–a	1.8	o–m	ats
67	Craticula ambigua (Ehrenberg) Mann in DG Round, Crawford & Mann DG	B	warm	st	alf	i	es	b	2.3	me	–
68	Craticula cuspidata (Kützing) Mann	B	temp	st–str	alf	i	es	b–a	2.45	me	–
69	Craticula halophila (Grunow) Mann DG in Round, Crawford RM & Mann DG	B	–	st–str	alf	mh	es	a	3	e	ate
70	Ctenophora pulchella (Ralfs ex Kützing) DM Williams et Round var. pulchella	P–B	–	st–str	alf	i	–	b	2.3	o–m	ate
71	Ctenophora pulchella var. lacerata (Hustedt) Bukhtiyarova	B	–	–	–	mh	–	–	–	–	–
72	Cyclotella choctawhatcheeana Prasad in Prasad, Neinow & Livingston	P	–	–	–	hl	–	–	–	–	–
73	Cyclotella meneghiniana Kützing	P–B	temp	st	alf	hl	sp	a–o	2.8	e	hne
74	Cyclotella radiosa (Grunow) Lemmermann	P	–	st–str	alb	i	sx	o	1.2	o–m	ats
75	Cymatopleura elliptica (Brébisson) Smith W	P–B	–	st–str	alf	i	–	o–b	1.4	me	ate
76	Cymbella affinis Kützing	B	temp	st–str	alf	i	sx	o	1.1	ot	ats
77	Cymbella amplificata Krammer	P–B	–	–	neu	hb	–	o	1	ot	–
78	Cymbella aspera (Ehrenberg) Cleve var. aspera	B	–	st–str	neu	i	es	x	0.3	o–e	ats
79	Cymbella cistula (Ehrenberg) Kirchner O var. cistula	B	–	st–str	alf	i	sx	o	1.2	e	ats
80	Cymbella compacta Østrup	B	–	–	–	–	–	o–x	0.7	–	–
81	Cymbella cymbiformis Agardh C	B	temp	str	ind	i	sx	b	2	o–m	ats
82	Cymbella falaisensis (Grunow) Krammer & Lange–Bertalot	B	–	str	–	hb	es	o	1	o–m	ats
83	Cymbella helvetica Kützing var. helvetica	B	–	str	ind	i	–	o–x	0.6	o–m	–
84	Cymbella helvetica var. curta Cleve	B	–	–	alf	i	–	–	–	–	–
85	Cymbella hustedtii Krasske	B	–	str	neu	i	–	o	1	o–m	ats
86	Cymbella laevis Nägeli in Rabenhorst	B	cool	–	ind	i	sx	–	–	–	–
87	Cymbella lanceolata (Agardh C) C Agardh var. lanceolata	B	–	st–str	alf	i	es	b–a	2.5	e	ate
88	Cymbella lanceolata var. notata Wisloukh & Poretzky	B	–	–	–	hl	–	–	–	–	–
89	Cymbella neocistula Krammer	B	–	–	ind	I	–	o	1.2	o–m	–
90	Cymbella obtusiuscula Kützing	B	–	–	ind	i	–	o	1	–	–
91	Cymbella parva (Smith W) Kirchner	B	–	–	ind	I	–	b	2	o–m	–
92	Cymbella stuxbergii (Cleve) Cleve	B	–	–	neu	i	–	o	1	ot	–
93	Cymbella tumida (Brébisson) Van Heurck	B	temp	str	alf	i	sx	b	2.2	me	ats
94	Cymbella turgidula Grunow in Schmidt A et al.	B	–	st–str	ind	–	es	–	–	–	–
95	Cymbellа tartuensis Molder	B	–	–	ind	i	–	–	–	–	–

96	Cymbopleura amphicephala (Naegeli) Krammer	B	–	str	ind	i	sx	o	1.2	o–m	ats
97	Cymbopleura anglica (Lagerstedt) Krammer	B	–	–	ind	hb	–	o	1	ot	–
98	Cymbopleura angustata (Smith W) Krammer	B	–	str	ind	i	es	o	1	ot	ats
99	Cymbopleura hybrida (Grunow ex Cleve) Krammer	P–B	–	–	ind	hl	–	o	1	o–m	–
100	Cymbopleura inaequalis (Ehrenberg) Krammer	B	–	st–str	ind	i	–	o	1.1	m	ats
101	Cymbopleura incerta (Grunow) Krammer	P–B	–	str	ind	hb	–	o	1	ot	ats
102	Cymbopleura naviculiformis (Auerswald ex Heiberg) Krammer	B	–	st–str	ind	i	es	o	1.2	o–m	ate
103	Cymbopleura reinhardtii (Grunow) Krammer K	B	–	str	ind	i	sx	o	1	m	ats
104	Cymbopleura subaequalis (Grunov) Krammer	B	–	str	neu	hb	sx	o	1	o–m	ats
105	Cymbopleura subcuspidata (Krammer) Krammer	P–B	–	str	acf	i	–	o	1	ot	ats
106	Delicata delicatula (Kützing) Krammer	B, aer	–	str	alf	i	sx	o	1	ot	ats
107	Denticula kuetzingii Grunow	P–B	–	str	ind	i	es	x–b	0.9	m	–
108	Denticula tenuis Kützing	B	–	str	alf	i	sx	x	0.3	m	ats
109	Denticula thermalis Kützing	B	warm	–	alf	–	–	b	2	me	–
110	Diadesmis contenta var. biceps (Grunow) P.B.Hamilton in Hamilton et al.	B	–	–	–	–	sx	o–x	0.7	–	–
111	Diatoma elongata (Lyngbye) Agardh C	P–B	–	st–str	ind	hl	sx	o	1.3	e	ate
112	Diatoma moniliformis (Kützing) Williams DM	P–B	–	st–str	alf	i	–	o	1.3	o–m	–
113	Diatoma vulgaris Bory var. vulgaris	P–B	–	st–str	ind	i	sx	b	2.2	me	ate
114	Diatoma vulgaris var. brevis Grunow	P–B	–	st–str	alb	i	sx	b	2.2	me	ate
115	Diatoma vulgaris var. linearis Grunow in Van Heurck	B	–	str	alf	i	es	b	2.2	me	ate
116	Diatoma vulgaris var. producta Grunow	B	–	st–str	alf	i	–	b	2.2	me	–
117	Didymosphenia geminata (Lyngbye) Mart.Schmidt in A.Schmidt	B	–	st–str	ind	i	sx	o–x	0.7	ot	–
118	Diploneis elliptica (Kützing) Cleve	B	temp	str	alf	i	sx	o–x	0.6	m	ats
119	Diploneis oblongella (Nägeli ex Kützing) Cleve–Euler	B	–	str	ind	i	sx	x–b	0.9	ot	ats
120	Diploneis oculata (Brébisson) Clve	B	–	st	ind	i	–	x–b	0.9	–	–
121	Diploneis ovalis (Hilse) Cleve	B	–	str	alf	i	sp	x–b	0.9	o–m	ats
122	Diploneis parma Cleve	B	cool	–	alf	i	–	o–b	1.4	ot	–
123	Diploneis subovalis Cleve	B	temp	st–str	ind	i	–	x–o	0.5	ot	–
124	Discostella stelligera (Cleve and Grunow) Houk and Klee	P	–	–	ind	I	–	o–b	1.4	o–m	–
125	Ellerbeckia arenaria (Moore ex Ralfs) Crawford	P–B	cool	st–str	alf	i	–	o–x	0.6	ot	ats
126	Encyonema alpinum (Grunow) Mann in Round DG, Crawford RM & Mann DG	B	–	str	ind	hb	es	x–o	0.5	ot	ats
127	Encyonema caespitosum Kützing	B	–	–	–	i	sx	o	1.3	o–e	–
128	Encyonema elginense (Krammer) Mann in Round DG, Crawford & Mann	B	temp	st	acf	hb	sx	o–b	1.5	–	–
129	Encyonema gracile Rabenhorst	B	–	–	ind	hb	sx	x	0.3	–	–
130	Encyonema lacustre (Agardh C) Pantocsek	B	–	–	ind	hl	sx	b–a	2.4	me	–

131	Encyonema minutum (Hilse) Mann DG	B	–	st–str	ind	i	sx	o	1.2	o–e	ate
132	Encyonema prostratum (Berkeley) Kützing	P–B	–	str	alb	i	es	o	1.3	e	ats
133	Encyonema silesiacum (Bleisch in Rabenhorst) Mann DG	B	–	st–str	ind	i	sx	o	1.2	o–e	ate
134	Encyonopsis microcephala (Grunow) Krammer	B	–	str	alf	i	es	o	1.3	me	ats
135	Entomoneis alata (Ehrenberg) Ehrenberg	P–B	–	st	alf	mh	–	b	2	–	–
136	Entomoneis ornata (Bailey) Reimer	B	–	st–str	alf	i	–	o–b	1.5	o–m	ats
137	Entomoneis paludosa (Smith W) Reimer var. paludosa	P–B	–	–	alf	hl	–	b–a	2.5	m	–
138	Epithemia adnata (Kützing) Brébisson var. adnata	B	temp	st	alb	i	sx	o	1.2	me	ats
139	Epithemia adnata var. porcellus (Kützing) Ross R	B	–	–	alf	i	–	b	2	me	–
140	Epithemia adnata var. saxonica (Kützing) Patrick RM in Patrick & Reimer	B	temp	–	alf	i	–	o	1.2	me	–
141	Epithemia argus (Ehrenberg) Kützing var. argus	P–B	–	st–str	ind	i	es	o–x	0.7	m	–
142	Epithemia argus var. alpestris (Smith W) Grunow	B	–	–	ind	i	–	o–x	0.7	m	–
143	Epithemia argus var. angusta Tarnavschi	B	–	–	ind	i	–	–	–	–	–
144	Epithemia argus var. longicornis (Ehrenberg) Grunow	P–B	–	–	ind	i	–	–	–	–	–
145	Epithemia sorex Kützing	B	temp	st–str	alf	i	sx	o	1.1	me	ats
146	Epithemia turgida (Ehrenberg) Kützing var. turgida	B	temp	st	alf	i	sx	x–b	0.9	me	ats
147	Epithemia turgida var. capitata Fricke in Schmidt et al.	B	–	–	alf	i	–	–	–	–	–
148	Epithemia turgida var. granulata (Ehrenberg) Brun	B	–	st	alf	I	–	x–b	0.9	o–m	ats
149	Eucocconeis flexella (Kützing) Meister	B	–	str	ind	mh	sx	x	0.2	ot	ats
150	Eucocconeis quadratarea (Østrup) Lange–Bertalot & Genkal	B	–	–	acf	i	sx	x	0.3	–	–
151	Eunotia arcus Ehrenberg	B	–	st–str	acf	i	–	x–o	0.5	ot	ats
152	Eunotia bidens Ehrenberg	P–B	cool	str	acf	hb	–	x–o	0.4	o–m	ats
153	Eunotia bilunaris (Ehrenberg) Scharschmidt	B	temp	st–str	acf	i	es	o	1	o–e	ate
154	Eunotia diodon Ehrenberg	B	cool	st	acf	i	–	x	0.2	ot	ats
155	Eunotia exigua (Brébisson in Kützing) Rabenhorst	P–B	–	st–str	acf	hb	es	x–o	0.45	o–e	ate
156	Eunotia faba Ehrenberg	B	temp	st–str	acf	i	sx	o	1.1	o–m	ats
157	Eunotia pectinalis (Kützing) Rabenhorst	B	–	str	ind	I	sx	x	0.3	m	ate
158	Eunotia polydentula (Brun) Hustedt	B	–	–	acf	hb	–	x–o	0.5	–	–
159	Eunotia praerupta Ehrenberg	P–B	cool	st–str	acf	I	sx	x–o	0.4	o–m	ats
160	Eunotia valida Hustedt	P–B	–	–	acf	hb	–	x–o	0.5	ot	–
161	Fallacia insociabilis (Krasske) D.G.Mann in F.E.Round, R.M.Crawford & D.G.Mann	B	–	ae	neu	hb	es	o	1	m	ats
162	Fallacia pygmaea (Kützing) De Mann	P–B	–	st–str	alf	mh	es	a–o	2.7	e	hne
163	Fragilaria acus (Kützing) Lange–Bertalot in Krammer & Lange–Bertalot	P	–	st–str	alb	i	es	o–a	1.8	–	–
164	Fragilaria alpestris Krasske	P–B, aer	–	–	ind	i	–	o	1	ot	–
165	Fragilaria amphicephaloides Lange–Bertalot	B	–	–	alf	i	sp	x–a	1.55	o–m	–

166	Fragilaria bidens Heiberg	P–B	–	str	alf	i	–	b	2	e	ats
167	Fragilaria brevistriata Grunow in Van Heurck	P–B	–	st–str	alf	i	–	o	1.2	o–e	ats
168	Fragilaria capucina Desmazières var. capucina	P–B	–	–	ind	i	es	b–o	1.6	m	–
169	Fragilaria crotonensis Kitton	P	–	st–str	alf	I	es	o–b	1.5	m	ate
170	Fragilaria famelica (Kützing) Lange–Bertalot	P–B	–	str	alf	i	es	o	1.3	m	ats
171	Fragilaria gracilis Østrup	P–B	–	–	neu	–	–	x–b	0.8	o–m	–
172	Fragilaria inflata var. istvanffyi (Pantoscek) Hustedt	B	–	str	alf	I	–	o	1	me	ats
173	Fragilaria mesolepta Rabenhorst	P–B	–	st–str	alf	i	sx	o–a	1.9	–	–
174	Fragilaria radians (Kützing) Lange–Bertalot	P–B	–	st–str	alf	I	sx	b–o	1.7	o–m	–
175	Fragilaria recapitellata Lange H–Bertalot &Nergui D	B	–	–	–	–	sx	–	–	–	–
176	Fragilaria rumpens GWF (Kützing) Carlson	B	–	–	alf	i	es	x–a	1.55	–	–
177	Fragilaria tenera (Smith W) Lange–Bertalot	P–B	–	str	acf	hb	sx	b	2.3	o–m	ats
178	Fragilaria vaucheriae (Kützing) J.B.Petersen	P–B, Ep	–	st–str	alf	i	sx	o–a	1.95	e	ate
179	Fragilariforma bicapitata (Mayer A) Williams DM & Round	P–B	–	str	ind	hb	–	o	1.3	o–e	ats
180	Fragilariforma virescens (Ralfs) Williams DM & Round	P–B	–	st	ind	i	es	x–o	0.4	o–m	ats
181	Fragilariopsis cylindrus (Grunow) Helmcke & Krieger	P–B	–	–	alf	mh	–	o	1	me	–
182	Frustulia rhomboides (Ehrenberg) De Toni	B	–	st	acf	hb	es	x	0.3	ot	ats
183	Gliwiczia calcar (Cleve) M.Kulikovskiy, Lange–Bertalot & Witkowski A	B	–	–	ind	hb	–	o	1	ot	–
184	Gomphoneis herculeana (Ehrenberg) Cleve	B	–	–	–	hb	sx	o	1	ot	–
185	Gomphonema acuminatum Ehrenberg var. acuminatum	B	–	st	ind	i	es	o–b	1.4	o–m	ats
186	Gomphonema acuminatum var. brebissonii (Kützing) Grunow in Van Heurck	B	–	st	ind	i	–	b	2	–	–
187	Gomphonema angustatum (Kützing) Rabenhorst	B	–	st–str	ind	i	es	o	1.3	o–m	–
188	Gomphonema calcareum Cleve	B	–	st–str	alf	i	–	b	2.3	o–m	ate
189	Gomphonema constrictum var. capitatum (Ehrenberg) Grunow	B	–	–	–	i	–	–	–	–	–
190	Gomphonema coronatum Ehrenberg	B	–	st	ind	i	–	o–b	1.4	o–m	–
191	Gomphonema exilissimum (Grunow) Lange–Bertalot & Reichardt in Lange E –Bertalot & Metzeltin	B	–	str	ind	i	es	o–x	0.7	ot	ats
192	Gomphonema gracile Ehrenberg	B	temp	st	alf	i	es	x–b	0.8	m	ats
193	Gomphonema grunowii Patrick RM & Reimer	B	temp	–	alf	i	–	b	2	–	–
194	Gomphonema hedinii Hustedt	B	–	–	–	–	sx	–	–	–	–
195	Gomphonema intricatum Kützing	B	–	st–str	ind	i	es	o	1.1	–	–
196	Gomphonema longiceps Ehrenberg	B	–	str	ind	i	es	x–o	0.4	–	–
197	Gomphonema micropus Kützing	B	–	str	ind	i	es	o	1.3	ot	ate
198	Gomphonema montanum (Schumann J) Grunow in Schneider	B	–	str	ind	i	es	x–b	0.85	m	ats

199	Gomphonema olivaceum (Hornemann) Brébisson var. olivaceum	B	–	st–str	alf	i	es	o–b	1.45	e	ate
200	Gomphonema olivaceum var. minutissimum Hustedt	B	–	str	alf	i	–	o	1.2	o–m	ats
201	Gomphonema parvulum (Kützing) Kützing var. parvulum	B	temp	str	ind	i	es	b	2.35	o–m	hne
202	Gomphonema parvulum var. subellipticum Cleve	B	temp	str	ind	i	es	b	2.35	o–m	hne
203	Gomphonema productum (Grunow) Lange–Bertalot & Reichardt in Lange–Bertalot	B	–	str	ind	i	es	o	1.3	o–m	ate
204	Gomphonema salinarum (Pantosek) Cleve	B	–	–	–	mh	–	–	–	–	–
205	Gomphonema subclavatum (Grunow) Grunow	B	–	str	ind	i	es	o	1.1	o–m	ats
206	Gomphonema truncatum Ehrenberg	B	–	st–str	ind	i	es	o–b	1.4	me	ats
207	Gomphonema ventricosum Gregory	B	cool	str	ind	i	–	x	0.3	ot	ats
208	Gomphonema vibrio var. pumilum (Grunow) R.Ross in B.Hartley, Ross R & Williams DM	B	–	–	–	–	sp	–	–	–	–
209	Gyrosigma acuminatum (Kützing) Rabenhorst	B	cool	st–str	alf	i	es	o–a	1.95	me	ate
210	Gyrosigma attenuatum (Kützing) Rabenhorst	P–B	–	st	alf	i	–	o–a	1.8	o–m	ate
211	Gyrosigma obtusatum (Sullivant & Wormley) Boyer CS	B	–	str	alf	i	sp	b	2	e	ate
212	Gyrosigma peisone (Grunow) Hustedt in Pascher	B	–	st–str	alf	mh	es	o	1	me	–
213	Gyrosigma scalproides (Rabenhorst) Cleve	B	–	–	alf	i	es	b	2.2	–	–
214	Halamphora acutiuscula (Kützing) Levkov	P–B	warm	–	alf	mh	sp	b	2	–	–
215	Halamphora coffeaeformis (Agardh) Levkov	B	–	st–str	alf	mh	–	a	3	e	ate
216	Halamphora normanii (Rabenhorst) Levkov	B	–	ae	alf	hb	–	x	0.1	m	ats
217	Halamphora perpusilla (Grunow) Q.– You M & Kociolek JP in You et al.	B	–	–	alf	mh	–	–	–	–	–
218	Halamphora subcapitata (Kisselew) Levkov	B	–	–	–	hl	–	o	1	–	–
219	Halamphora veneta (Kützing) Levkov	B	–	st–str	alf	i	es	a–o	2.6	e	ate
220	Hannaea arcus (Ehrenberg) Patrick emend. Genkal et Kharitonov var. arcus	B	temp	str	alf	i	es	x	0.3	o–m	ats
221	Hannaea arcus var. amphioxys (Rabenhorst) Patrick RM	B	cool	str	alf	i	–	x	0.3	–	–
222	Hannaea linearis (Holmboe) Álvarez–Blanco & Blanco S	P	–	–	alf	i	–	–	–	–	–
223	Hantzschia amphioxys (Ehr.) Grunow var. amphioxys	B	temp	st–str	ind	I	es	o–a	1.9	o–e	ate
224	Hantzschia amphioxys var. vivax (Hantzsch) Grunow in Cleve & Grunow	B	–	–	alb	hl	–	o–a	1.9	–	–
225	Hantzschia compacta (Hustedt) Lange–Bertalot in Lange–Bertalot & Genkal	B	–	–	–	i	–	b	2	–	–
226	Hippodonta capitata (Ehrenberg) Lange–Bertalot, Metzeltin & Witkowski	B	temp	st–str	alf	hl	es	b	2.1	me	ate
227	Hippodonta hungaricа (Grunow) Lange–Bertalot, Metzeltin and Witkowski	B	–	st–str	alf	hl	es	b	2.3	me	ate
228	Humidophila contenta (Grunow) Lowe, Kociolek, Johansen JR, Van de Vijver, Lange–Bertalot & Kopalová	B, aer	–	str	ind	i	es	o–x	0.7	o–m	ate
229	Humidophila perpusilla (Grunow) Lowe, Kociolek, Johansen, Van de Vijver, Lange–Bertalot & Kopalová	B	warm	str	ind	i	sp	o–x	0.7	o–m	ats
230	Iconella helvetica (Brun) Ruck & Nakov in Ruck et al.	B	–	–	ind	–	–	b	2	ot	–
231	Iconella linearis (Smith W) Ruck & Nakov in Ruck et al.	P–B	–	–	ind	i	es	x–o	0.5	o–m	–
232	Iconella tenera (Gregory W) Ruck & Nakov in Ruck et al.	P–B	–	st	alf	i	es	o	1.1	ot	–
233	Kobayasiella micropunctata (Germain) Lange–Bertalot	B	–	–	acb	hb	–	x	0.3	–	ats
234	Kobayasiella subtilissima (Cleve) Lange–Bertalot	B,S	–	st	–	–	–	b	2	–	–
235	Kurtkrammeria aequalis (Smith W) Bahls L	P–B	–	–	ind	i	–	o	1	ot	–
236	Lacustriella lacustris (Gregory W) Lange–Bertalot & Kulikovskiy MS in Kulikovskiy et al.	B	–	–	ind	i	–	o	1	o–m	ats
237	Lindavia antiqua (Smith W) Nakov et al.	P–B	–	–	acf	hb	–	o	1	ot	ats
238	Lindavia bodanica (Eulenstein ex Grunow) Nakov T et al.	P	–	st	ind	i	–	x	1	ot	ats
239	Lindavia comta (Kützing) Nakov T et al.	P	–	st	alf	i	sx	o	1.2	o–m	–
240	Lindavia kuetzingiana (Thwaites) Nakov T et al. var. kuetzingiana	P–B	temp	st	ind	I	sp	b	2.1	o–m	–
241	Lindavia kuetzingiana var. radiosa (Fricke) Nakov T et al.	P–B	temp	st	ind	hl	sp	b	2.2	–	–
242	Lindavia schumannii (Grunow) Nakov T et al.	P	–	–	ind	hl	–	–	–	–	–

243	Luticola cohnii (Hilse) Mann in Round DG, Crawford RM & Mann DG	B, aer	–	ae	ind	i	es	o	1	e	ate
244	Luticola mutica (Kützing) Mann DG in Round et al.	B,S	–	st–str	ind	i	sp	o–a	1.9	e	ate
245	Luticola muticopsis (Van Heurck) Mann in Round DG, Crawford RM & Mann DG	B	–	st–str	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
246	Luticola nivalis (Ehrenberg) Mann in Round DG, Crawford RM & Mann DG	B,S	–	ae	ind	hl	–	o–a	1.9	e	–
247	Mastogloia baltica Grunow in Van Heurck	B	–	–	–	mh	–	–	–	–	–
248	Mastogloia braunii Grunow	P–B	–	–	alf	mh	–	–	–	–	–
249	Mastogloia elliptica (Agardh C) Cleve in Schmidt et al.	B	–	–	alf	mh	–	–	–	–	–
250	Mastogloia lacustris (Grunow) Grunow in Van Heurck	B	–	str	alf	hl	–	o	1.3	e	ats
251	Mastogloia pumila (Grunow) Cleve	B	–	–	–	mh	–	–	–	–	–
252	Mastogloia smithii Thwaites	B	–	–	alf	mh	sx	o	1.3	me	–
253	Meridion circulare (Greville) Agardh	B	–	str	ind	i	es	o	1.1	o–m	ate
254	Meridion constrictum Ralfs	P–B	–	st–str	ind	hb	sx	o	1.1	o–e	ate
255	Navicula bryophila Østrup	B	–	str	neu	hb	es	o–x	0.7	m	ats
256	Navicula capitatoradiata H.Germain	P–B	–	st–str	alf	mh	sx	b	2.1	me	ate
257	Navicula cari Ehrenberg	P–B	–	str	ind	i	es	b–a	2.4	o–m	ats
258	Navicula cincta (Ehrenberg) Ralfs	B	warm	st–str	alf	hl	es	x–o	0.5	me	ate
259	Navicula cryptocephala Kützing var. cryptocephala	P–B	temp	st–str	ind	i	es	b	2.1	o–e	ate
260	Navicula cryptocephala var. lata Poretz. et Anissimova	B	–	–	–	i	–	–	–	–	–
261	Navicula dicephala Ehrenberg	B	–	–	ind	i	–	o–b	1.4	–	–
262	Navicula digitoradiatа (Gregory) Ralfs in Prichard	B	–	–	alf	I	es	b	2	me	–
263	Navicula exilis Kützing	B	–	–	alb	hl	es	x–b	0.8	ot	–
264	Navicula gothlandica Grunow in Van Heurck	P–B	–	–	alf	hl	es	b	2	o–m	–
265	Navicula gregaria Donkin	P–B	–	–	alf	I	es	b–a	2.5	me	ate
266	Navicula halophila f. subcapitata (Østrup) Krasske	B	–	st–str	alf	mh	es	–	–	–	–
267	Navicula hofmanniae Lange–Bertalot	B	–	–	alf	oh	–	o	1	–	–
268	Navicula lacustris var. parallela Wisl. & Kolbe	B	–	–	ind	i	–	–	–	–	–
269	Navicula lacustris var. paulseniana (Petersen JB) Zabelina	B	–	–	–	i	–	–	–	–	–
270	Navicula libonensis Schoeman	P–B	–	–	alf	I	–	b–a	2.4	o–m	–
271	Navicula lucidula Grunow in Van Heurck	B	–	–	–	i	–	–	–	–	–
272	Navicula menisculus Schumann	P–B	–	st–str	alf	i	es	o–b	1.45	o–m	ate
273	Navicula minima Grunow in Van Heurck	P–B	–	–	alf	hl	es	a–o	2.6	e	hne
274	Navicula peregrina (Ehrenberg) Kützing	P–B	–	–	alf	mh	es	o–b	1.5	o–m	–
275	Navicula radiosa Kützing	B	temp	st–str	ind	i	es	o	1.3	me	ate
276	Navicula recens (Lange–Bertalot) Lange–Bertalot in Krammer & Lange–Bertalot	P–B	–	–	alf	i	es	b–a	2.5	e	–
277	Navicula rhynchocephala Ehrenberg	B	–	–	alf	hl	–	o–a	1.95	o–m	ate
278	Navicula rostellata Kützing	B	–	st–str	alf	i	es	b	2.2	e	ate
279	Navicula rotaeana (Rabenhorst) Grunow in Van Heurck	P–B	–	st	ind	i	–	o–x	0.7	ot	–
280	Navicula salinarum f. minima Kolbe	P–B	–	st–str	ind	mh	–	b	2.1	me	ate
281	Navicula semen Ehrenberg	B	–	–	ind	i	–	o	1	ot	–
282	Navicula tripunctata (Müller OF) Bory in Bory de Saint–Vincent	P–B	–	st–str	ind	i	es	b–o	1.7	e	ate
283	Navicula veneta Kützing	B	–	–	alf	hl	es	a–o	2.7	–	–
284	Navicula viridula (Kützing) Ehrenberg	B	–	st–str	alf	hl	es	b	2.2	me	ate
285	Navicula vulpina Kützing	B	–	str	ind	i	–	b	2	me	ats
286	Navicymbula pusilla (Grunow in Schmidt A) Krammer	B	–	–	alf	mh	es	–	–	–	–
287	Neidiomorpha binodis (Ehrenberg) M.Cantonati, Lange–Bertalot & Angeli N	B	–	str	alf	i	–	o	1	me	ate
288	Neidium affine (Ehrenberg) Pfizer var. affine	B	–	str	ind	i	–	o–x	0.7	ot	ats
289	Neidium affine var. amphirhynchus (Ehrenberg) Cleve	B	–	–	alb	hb	–	o–x	0.7	–	–
290	Neidium iridis (Ehrenberg) Cleve	B	–	st–str	ind	hb	es	o–x	0.6	ot	ats
291	Neidium kozlowii Mereschkovsky	B	–	–	ind	i	–	o	1	ot	–
292	Neidium productum (Smith W) Cleve	P–B	temp	–	ind	i	sx	x–b	0.9	ot	ats
293	Neidium punctulatum Hustedt	B	–	–	ind	i	–	–	–	–	–
294	Nitzschia amphibia Grunow var. amphibia	P–B, S	temp	st–str	alf	i	sp	b	2.1	e	hne
295	Nitzschia angustata var. acuta Grunow in Cleve & Grunow	B	–	–	alf	i	–	b	2	–	–
296	Nitzschia brevissima Grunow in Van Heurck	–	–	st–str	alf	hl	es	o–a	1.9	e	–
297	Nitzschia communis Rabenhorst	P–B	–	st–str	ind	i	sp	a	3.1	e	hce

298	Nitzschia dissipata (Kützing) Rabenhorst	B	–	st–str	alf	i	sx	b–o	1.7	me	ate
299	Nitzschia dubia Smith W	P–B	–	st–str	alf	I	–	a–o	2.7	e	hne
300	Nitzschia fasciculata (Grunow) Grunow in Van Heurck	B	–	st	alf	hl	sx	o	1.1	–	–
301	Nitzschia fonticola (Grunow) Grunow in Van Heurck	P–B	–	st–str	alf	I	–	o–b	1.5	me	ate
302	Nitzschia frustulum (Kützing) Grunow in Cleve & Grunow var. frustulum	P–B	temp	st–str	alf	I	sp	b	2.3	e	hce
303	Nitzschia frustulum var. subsalina Hustedt	B	–	–	alb	hl	sp	b	2	–	–
304	Nitzschia frustulum var. perpusilla (Rabenhorst) Van Heurck	B	–	–	alf	hl	es	a–o	2.7	–	–
305	Nitzschia gracilis Hantzsch	P–B	temp	st–str	ind	i	sp	o–a	1.8	m	–
306	Nitzschia gradifera Hustedt	B	–	–	–	hl	–	–	–	–	–
307	Nitzschia hantzschiana Rabenhorst	P–B	–	str	alf	i	es	x–o	0.5	m	ats
308	Nitzschia holsatica Hustedt	P–B	–	–	ind	i	es	b	2.3	–	–
309	Nitzschia kittlii Grunow	–	–	–	–	hl	–	–	–	–	–
310	Nitzschia kuetzingiana Hilse	B	–	–	ind	hl	es	b	2.1	–	–
311	Nitzschia linearis var. tenuis (Smith W) Grunow in Cleve & Grunow	B	–	str	alf	i	es	b–o	1.7	me	–
312	Nitzschia linearis W.Smith var. linearis	B	temp	st–str	alf	i	es	b–o	1.7	me	ate
313	Nitzschia microcephala Grunow in Cleve & Möller	P–B	–	st–str	alf	I	sx	b	2.3	e	hce
314	Nitzschia obtusa Smith W	B	–	–	–	hl	es	b–a	2.4	m	–
315	Nitzschia ostenfeldii Hustedt	B	–	–	–	i	–	–	–	–	–
316	Nitzschia palea (Kützing) Smith W	P–B	temp	–	ind	i	sp	a–o	2.8	he	hce
317	Nitzschia paleacea Grunow in Van Heurck	P–B	–	st–str	alf	i	es	b	2.2	e	hce
318	Nitzschia pusilla Grunow 1862	P–B, S	–	st–str	alf	i	es	b–o	1.7	o–e	ate
319	Nitzschia regula Hustedt	–	–	–	–	–	–	o	1	–	–
320	Nitzschia sigma (Kützing) Smith var W. sigma	B	temp	st–str	alf	mh	es	a	3	e	ate
321	Nitzschia sigma var. curvula (Ehrenberg) Brun.	B	–	–	–	mh	–	–	–	–	–
322	Nitzschia sigmoidea (Nitzsch) Smith W	P–B	–	st–str	alf	i	–	b–a	2.5	e	ate
323	Nitzschia sublinearis Hustedt	P–B	–	–	alf	i	es	a	3	me	–
324	Nitzschia supralitorea Lange–Bertalot	B	–	st–str	alf	oh	sp	o–b	1.5	e	hne
325	Nitzschia thermalis (Ehrenberg) Auerswald in Rabenhorst var. thermalis	P	–	–	ind	i	es	a–o	2.8	–	–
326	Nitzschia thermalis var. minor Hilse	B	–	st–str	acf	–	–	o	1	–	–
327	Nitzschia tryblionella Hantzsch in Rabenhorst	B	–	st–str	alf	hl	–	a–o	2.6	me	ate
328	Nitzschia vermicularis (Kützing) Hantzsch in Rabenhorst	P–B	–	str	alf	i	–	b	2.2	m	–
329	Nitzschia commutata Grunow in Cleve & Grunow	P–B	–	–	alf	mh	–	b	2	–	–
330	Odontidium mesodon (Kützing) Kützing	B	cool	st–str	neu	hb	sx	x–o	0.4	ot	ats
331	Odontidium anceps (Ehrenberg) Ralfs	P–B	cool	st–str	neu	hb	sx	o–x	0.6	ot	–
332	Odontidium hyemale (Roth) Kützing	P–B	cool	st–str	ind	hb	sx	x	0.3	ot	ats
333	Paraplaconeis placentula (Ehrenberg) Kulikovskiy MS & Lange–Bertalot in Kulikowskiy et al.	B	temp	st–str	alf	i	sx	o–b	1.5	e	ate
334	Paraplaconeis subplacentula (Hustedt) Kulikovskiy & Lange–Bertalot in Kulikovskiy et al.	B	–	–	–	i	–	–	–	–	–
335	Parlibellus crucicula (Smith W) Witkowski, Lange–Bertalot & Metzeltin	B	–	–	ind	mh	–	b	2	–	–
336	Parlibellus protracta (Grunow) Witkowski, Lange–Bertalot & Metzeltin	B	–	st–str	ind	mh	es	b–o	1.7	e	ate
337	Pinnularia abaujensis var. linearis (Hustedt) Patrick RM	B	–	–	acf	–	–	–	–	–	–
338	Pinnularia acrosphaeria Smith W	B	warm	st	ind	i	es	x–o	0.4	o–m	–
339	Pinnularia appendiculata (Agardh C) Schaarschmidt	B	–	str	ind	i	es	x	0.3	o–m	ats
340	Pinnularia biceps Gregory W	B	–	str	acf	i	sp	x–b	0.8	o–m	ats
341	Pinnularia borealis Ehrenberg	B	–	ae	ind	i	es	x–o	0.4	o–m	ate
342	Pinnularia brauniana (Grunow) Studnicka	P–B	–	–	acf	i	–	x	0.2	ot	–
343	Pinnularia brevicostata Cleve	P–B	cool	–	ind	i	–	o	1	ot	–
344	Pinnularia divergens Smith W	B	–	st	ind	i	–	x–b	0.9	ot	–
345	Pinnularia divergentissima (Grunow) Cleve	P–B	–	–	ind	i	–	o	1	ot	–
346	Pinnularia elegans (Smith W) Krammer K	B	–	–	alf	hl	–	b	2	m	–

347	Pinnularia fonticola Hustedt	B	–	–	ind	i	–	–	–	–	–
348	Pinnularia gibbiformis Krammer K	B	–	–	–	–	–	x	0.3	–	–
349	Pinnularia globiceps Gregory W	B	–	–	acf	i	–	x	0.2	o–m	–
350	Pinnularia gracillima Gregory W	B	–	–	acf	i	–	x	0.2	o–m	–
351	Pinnularia interrupta Smith W	B	–	–	ind	i	–	–	–	–	–
352	Pinnularia lata (Brébisson) Smith var W lata	P–B	–	str	acf	i	–	o	1	ot	–
353	Pinnularia lata var. minor (Grunow) Cleve	B	–	–	acf	hb	–	o	1	ot	–
354	Pinnularia major (Kützing) Rabenhorst	B	temp	st–str	ind	i	–	o–x	0.6	me	ate
355	Pinnularia mesolepta (Ehrenberg) Smith W	P–B	–	st–str	ind	i	–	x–b	0.8	me	ate
356	Pinnularia microstauron (Ehrenberg) Cleve	P–B	temp	st–str	ind	i	sp	o–x	0.7	ot	ate
357	Pinnularia rhombarea var. biundulata (Otto Müller) Krammer	B	–	st–str	ind	i	–	o	1	ot	–
358	Pinnularia schoenfelderi Krammer	B	–	–	ind	i	–	o	1	o–m	–
359	Pinnularia septentrionalis Krammer K	B	–	–	ind	i	–	–	–	–	–
360	Pinnularia stomatophora Hustedt	B	–	str	acf	i	–	x	0.2	ot	ats
361	Pinnularia subborealis Hustedt	B	–	–	–	I	–	o	1	ot	–
362	Pinnularia subcapitata Gregory W1856	B		st–str	ind	i	sp	o–x	0.6	o–m	ate
363	Pinnularia tabellaria Ehrenberg var. tabellaria	B	–	–	neu	hb	–	o	1	–	–
364	Pinnularia viridiformis Krammer	B	–	–	–	–	–	o–x	0.7	–	–
365	Pinnularia viridis (Nitzsch) Ehrenberg	P–B	temp	st–str	ind	i	es	x	0.3	o–e	ate
366	Placoneis amphibola (Cleve) CoxEJ	B	cool	str	ind	i	–	o	1	o–m	ats
367	Placoneis exigua (Gregory) Mereschkovsky	B	–	–	ind	i	es	o–b	1.4	o–m	–
368	Placoneis gastrum (Ehrenberg) Mereschkowsky	B	–	st–str	ind	i	sx	o–b	1.4	e	ate
369	Planothidium dispar (Cleve) Witkowski, Lange–Bertalot & Metzeltin	B	–	–	alf	hl	–	b	2	o–e	–
370	Planothidium lanceolatum (Brébisson ex Kützing) Lange–Bertalot	P–B	warm	st–str	alf	i	sx	b–o	1.6	e	ate
371	Planothidium rostratum (Østrup) Lange–Bertalot	B	–	str	alf	i	es	b–o	1.6	e	ate
372	Platessa salinarum (Grunow) Lange–Bertalot	P–B	–	st–str	ind	mh	–	b	2.1	me	ate
373	Prestauroneis integra (W. Smith) Bruder	B	–	st–str	neu	mh	–	x–o	0.4	e	ate
374	Pseudostaurosira brevistriata (Grunow) Williams and Round var. brevistriata	P–B	–	st–str	alf	i	–	o	1.2	ot	–
375	Pseudostaurosira brevistriata var. inflata (Pantocsek) M.B.Edlund	B	–	str	alf	i	es	o	1.2	o–e	ats
376	Pseudostaurosira elliptica (Schumann) Edlund, Morales & Spaulding	B	–	str	alf	i	–	b–a	2.4	me	ats
377	Pseudostaurosira parasitica (W.Smith) Morales	P–B	–	str	alf	i	es	o–a	1.9	me	ats
378	Pseudostaurosira subsalina (Hustedt) E.A. Morales	P–B	–	st	alf	hl	es	o	1.3	me	ate
379	Punctastriata lancettula (Schumann) Hamilton PB & Siver PA	B	cool	–	alb	i	es	b–a	2.4	–	–
380	Reimeria sinuata (Greg.) Kociolek et Stoermer	P–B, aer	–	st	ind	i	sx	o	1.3	m	ate
381	Rhoicosphenia abbreviata (Agardh) Lange–Bertalot	B	–	st–str	alf	i	es	o–a	1.9	me	ate
382	Rhopalodia gibba (Ehrenberg) Otto Müller var. gibba	B	temp	–	alf	i	es	o–b	1.4	o–m	–
383	Rhopalodia gibba var. ventricosa (Kützing) Mayer	B	temp	–	alf	i	es	o–b	1.4	–	–
384	Rhopalodia gibberula (Ehrenberg) O Müller var. gibberula	B	temp	str	alf	mh	es	b	2	me	–
385	Rhopalodia gibberula var. producta (Grunow) Otto Müller	B	–	str	alf	hl	–	–	–	–	–
386	Rhopalodia musculus (Kützing) O Müller var. musculus	P–B, S	–	str	alb	mh	–	o	1	–	–
387	Rhopalodia musculus var. mirabilis Fricke	B	–	–	alf	hl	–	b	2	me	–
388	Sellaphora bacillum (Ehrenberg) DG Mann	B	–	st–str	alf	i	sx	o–b	1.5	me	ats
389	Sellaphora pupula (Kützing) Mereschkowsky	B	eterm	st	ind	hl	sx	o–a	1.9	me	ate
390	Sellaphora rectangularis (Gregory W) Lange–Bertalot & Metzeltin	B	temp	st–str	ind	hl	sx	o–a	1.9	me	ate
391	Sellaphora tridentula (Krasske) Wetzel CE in Wetzel et al.	B	–	–	acf	i	es	o	1	ot	–
392	Stauroneis acuta Smith W	B	–	st–str	alf	i	–	o	1	o–m	–
393	Stauroneis anceps Ehrenberg var. anceps	P–B	–	st–str	ind	i	sx	o	1.3	o–m	ate
394	Stauroneis borrichii (Petersen JB) Lund JWG	B	–	ae	neu	hb	–	o	1	–	–
395	Stauroneis gracilis Ehrenberg	B	–	–	ind	I	–	o–x	0.7	o–m	–
396	Stauroneis phoenicenteron (Nitzsch) Ehrenberg	P–B	temp	st–str	ind	i	es	o	1.3	me	ate

397	Stauroneis smithii Grunow	P–B	–	st–str	alf	i	–	o–b	1.5	o–e	ate
398	Staurosira binodis (Ehrenberg) Lange–Bertalot	P–B	–	str	alf	i	es	o	1.3	me	ate
399	Staurosira construens Ehrenberg var. construens	P–B	temp	st–str	alf	i	sx	o	1.3	me	ats
400	Staurosira construens var. exigua (Smith W) Nagumo T	B	–	str	alf	i	sp	o	1.3	me	ate
401	Staurosira pseudoconstruens (Marciniak) Lange–Bertalot	–	–	–	–	i	–	o	1	ot	–
402	Staurosira venter (Ehrenberg) Cleve & JD Möller	P–B	warm	st–str	alf	i	sx	o	1.3	me	ate
403	Staurosirella harrisonii (W.Smith) E. Morales & Wetzel CE in Morales et al.	B	–	st	alf	hb	es	a–o	2.7	–	–
404	Staurosirella leptostauron (Ehrenberg) Williams and Round	P–B	–	st	alf	hb	es	o	1.1	me	ats
405	Staurosirella pinnata (Ehrenberg) Williams and Round	P–B	temp	st–str	alf	hl	es	o	1.2	o–e	ate
406	Stephanodiscus astraea (Ehrenberg) Grunow in Cleve & Grunow var. astraea	P	temp	st	alb	i	es	o–b	1.5	me	–
407	Stephanodiscus astraea var. intermedia Fricke	P	–	–	ind	i	–	–	–	–	–
408	Stephanodiscus minutulus (Kützing) Cleve & Möller 1882	P	temp	st	alb	i	es	b	2.2	o–m	ate
409	Surirella angusta Kützing	P–B	–	st–str	alf	i	es	b–o	1.7	e	ate
410	Surirella angustata Hustedt var. angustata	P–B	–	st–str	alf	i	–	b–o	1.7	e	–
411	Surirella angustata var. constricta Hustedt	B	–	–	–	i	–	–	–	–	–
412	Surirella brebissonii Krammer and Lange–Bertalot	B	–	st–str	alf	i	–	b–o	1.7	–	–
413	Surirella minuta Brébisson in Kützing	B	–	st–str	ind	i	es	o–a	1.8	me	–
414	Surirella ovalis Brébisson	P–B	–	st–str	alf	I	es	a	3	me	ate
415	Surirella ovata var. crumena (Brébisson) Hustedt	B	–	–	alf	hl	–	o–a	1.9	–	–
416	Surirella spiralis Kützing	B	–	str	alf	i	–	x	0.2	ot	ats
417	Surirella splendida (Ehrenberg) Kützing	P–B	–	st–str	alf	i	–	o–x	0.7	me	–
418	Synedra nana Meister F	–	–	–	ind	hb	es	o	1	–	–
419	Synedra spectabilis Ehrenberg	B	–	–	alf	I	–	b–a	2.5	m	–
420	Tabellaria fenestrata (Lyngbye) Kützing	P–B	–	st–str	ind	i	es	x	0.3	o–m	ats
421	Tabellaria flocculosa (Roth) Kützing	P–B	eterm	st–str	acf	i	es	o–x	0.6	ot	ats
422	Tabularia fasciculata (Agardh C) Williams DM & Round	P–B	–	st	ind	mh	es	b–a	2.5	e	ate
423	Tetracyclus rupestris (Kützing) Grunow in Van Heurck	P–B	cool	ae	acf	i	–	x–b	0.8	ot	–
424	Tryblionella angustata Smith W	P–B	–	st	alf	i	sx	o–b	1.5	m	ats
425	Tryblionella apiculata W.Gregory	B	–	–	alf	hl	es	a–o	2.7	e	–
426	Tryblionella hungarica (Grunow) Frenguelli	P–B	–	–	alf	mh	sp	a–o	2.9	e	ate
427	Tryblionella levidensis W.Smith	P–B	–	st–str	ind	mh	sp	a–o	2.6	e	ate
428	Tryblionella victoriae Grunow	B	–	st–str	alf	hl	sp	a–o	2.6	e	ate
429	Ulnaria acus Aboal	P–B	–	st–str	alf	i	es	o–a	1.85	o–m	–
430	Ulnaria amphirhynchus (Ehrenberg) Compère & Bukhtiyarova	P–B	–	–	alf	i	es	b	2	o–m	–
431	Ulnaria biceps (Kützing) Compére	P–B	temp	–	alf	i	–	o–a	1.9	o–m	–
432	Ulnaria capitata (Ehrenberg) Compère	P–B	–	st–str	alf	i	es	o–b	1.5	e	ats
433	Ulnaria contracta (Østrup) Morales EA & Vis ML	B	–	–	alf	i	es	b–a	2.4	–	–
434	Ulnaria danica (Kützing) Compère & Bukhtiyarova in Bukhtiyarova & Compère	P–B	temp	–	alf	i	es	b–o	1.7	o–m	–
435	Ulnaria delicatissima var. angustissima (Grun.) Aboal et Silva	P	–	–	alf	i	es	b–o	1.7	o–m	–
436	Ulnaria oxyrhynchus (Kützing) Aboal in Aboal, Alvarez Cobelas, Cambra & Ector	P–B	–	–	alf	i	es	b–a	2.4	o–m	–
437	Ulnaria ulna (Nitzsch) Compére var. ulna	P–B	temp	st–str	ind	i	es	b	2.25	o–e	ate
438	Ulnaria ulna var. aequalis (Kützing) Aboal in Aboal, Alvarez Cobelas, Cambra & Ector	P–B	–	–	alf	i	sp	b	2	o–m	–

Table 1 Diversity of diatom species–indicators in the Pamir aquatic habitats with autecological characteristics and species–specific Indices of saprobity. Abbreviations of groups of indicators and the autecology of species are given in the note to the table.

Note: Substrate preferences (Hab): P – planktonic, P–B – plankto–benthic, B – benthic, S – soil, Ep – epiphyte, ae – aerophyte. Temperature preferences (T): temp – temperate temperature, eterm – eurythermic, warm – warm–water, cool – could water inhabitants. Oxygenation and streaming (Oxy): st – standing water, str – streaming water, st–str – low streaming water, ae – aerophiles. Halobity degree (Sal): i – oligohalobes–indifferent, hl – halophiles, hb – halophobes. Acidity degree (pH): alf – alkaliphiles, ind – indifferents; acf – acidophiles, alb – alkalibiontes, neu, neutrophiles, acb – acidobiontes. Organic pollution indicators according to Watanabe (D): sx – saproxenes, es – eurysaprobes, sp – saprophiles. Species–specific index of saprobity S (S). Organic pollution indicators according to Sládeček (Sap): x – xenosaprob, x–o – xeno–oligosaprob, o–x – oligo–xenosaprob, x–b – xeno–betamesosaprob, o – oligosaprob, o–b – oligo–beta–msosaprob, b–o – beta–oligosaprob, o–a – oligo–alpha–mesosaprob, b – beta–mesosaprob, b–a – beta–alpha–mesosaprob, a – alpha–mesosaprob, a–b – alpha–beta–mesosaprob, b–p – beta–polysaprob. Nitrogen uptake metabolism (Aut–Het): ats – nitrogen–autotrophic taxa, tolerating very small concentrations of organically bound nitrogen; ate – nitrogen–autotrophic taxa, tolerating elevated concentrations of organically bound nitrogen; hne – facultatively nitrogen–heterotrophic taxa, needing periodically elevated concentrations of organically bound nitrogen, hce – facultatively nitrogen–heterotrophic taxa, needing elevated concentrations of organically bound nitrogen. Trophic state (Tro): ot – oligotraphentic; o–m – oligo–mesotraphentic; m – mesotraphentic; me – meso–eutraphentic; e – eutraphentic; o–e – oligo–eutraphentic, he – hypereutraphentic. – property is unknown.

Altogether 558 diatom taxa were revealed for total list of diatom algae in Pamir habitats,¹² and 438 of them were bioindicators. Twelve environmental properties were assessed with help of species autecology. Bioindication analysis revealed prevalence of species preferring benthic or periphytonic lifestyle (433 indicators), temperate water temperature with significant number of cool–water and warm–water indicators (92 taxa). Pamir diatoms were mostly represented by slow streaming groups but streaming water indicators were also numerous (266 indicators). Water–pH indicators were mostly represented by pH–indifferent group and alkaliphilic species that let us to characterize the Pamir water as low–alkaline (395 indicators). The water salinity as one of important variable for aquatic diversity was indicate the waters in Pamir as fresh and low–saline (416 indicators). The sunlight energy utilization property for diatoms is strongly prevail as show indication of photosynthetic way in nutrition for organisms in aquatic ecosystems of Pamir (208 indicators). The indication of Pamir water bodies trophic state show two different groups of species reflect of oligotrophic and meso–eutrophic properties of studied water bodies (324 indicators). Organic pollution indication according T. Watanabe reflects low–polluted waters in Pamir that usually represent of fresh clear natural waters (246 indicators). The same variable in the Sládeček system with 388 indicator taxa help us to characterize Pamir waters as natural clear or slightly organically polluted, with water quality Class 2 and 3. As results, bioindication of Pamir waters by diatoms show natural slowly streaming low alkaline and low saline fresh waters with low level of organic pollution inhabited with species that preferred photosynthesis for proteins creation. Thereby, bioindication revealed the numerous species that are unique in Pamir diatom flora, about 22%, which have not now any information yet about its ecological properties. The important property of revealed diatom flora can be not only large species richness but also wide amplitude of the environmental variables in water temperature, oxygen saturation, salinity, and trophic state of water bodies which they inhabited. Therefore, this first experience of bioindication implementation to Pamir environment assessment demonstrated not only importance of ecological approach to environmental properties analysis in hard–to–reach high mountain habitats but also large perspectives of the method for the system of nature protection in the face of anthropogenic pollution press and climate change.

The work was partly supported by the Israeli Ministry of Aliyah and Integration.

Author declares there is no conflict of interest.

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Ecology & Environmental Sciences

Bioindication of aquatic habitats with diatom algae in the Pamir Mountains, Tajikistan

Niyatbekov T,¹ Barinova SS²

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Abstract

Introduction

Materials and methods

Results and Discussion

Conclusion

Acknowledgements

Conflict of interest

References

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