Cognitive problems in alcohol use: a review

doi:10.15406/mojamt.2018.05.00136

MOJ

eISSN: 2573-2935

Addiction Medicine & Therapy

Mini Review Volume 5 Issue 6

Cognitive problems in alcohol use: a review

PK Dala,¹

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Anamika Das²

¹Department of Psychiatry, King George’s Medical University, India
²Junior Resident, Department of Psychiatry, King George’s Medical University, India

Correspondence: Dalal PK, Professor and Head, Department of Psychiatry, King George Medical University, India, Tel 0522-2258805, Fax 0522-2258805

Received: October 31, 2018 | Published: December 19, 2018

Citation: Dalal PK, Das A. Cognitive problems in alcohol use: a review. MOJ Addict Med Ther. 2018;5(6):262-264. DOI: 10.15406/mojamt.2018.05.00136

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Abstract

Alcohol use has increased in the recent years which have lead to several problems world-wide. Effect on cognition is such an area which has not been studied much but there has been ample evidences regarding it. Various studies show the effect of alcohol on cognitive performances which depends on various factors like age, sex, amount and pattern of drinking and the related medical co-morbidities. Various results have been obtained depending on the amount of alcohol consumed and relationship has been seen on their effect on medical co-morbidities. Despite a substantial amount of research in the field no robust data could be validated due to lack of definition of a standard drink across studies of various countries. Nevertheless it has been seen that alcohol does have a detrimental effect on cognition which has even been proved indirectly by functional studies. With present methods of cognitive ability testing and other functional imaging studies being used we are hopeful that in recent future we will be able to pinpoint the problems caused and thus have a future direction for necessary interventions.

Keywords: alcohol, cognition, binge drinking, j-shaped relationship, visuo-spatial abilities, working memory

Introduction

Recent decades have shown an increasing trend in alcohol consumption, with the highest burden on developing countries. Prevalence of alcohol abuse is five to seven per cent in the Indian population with an estimated 10-20 million in need for treatment. In the Indian subcontinent alcohol dependence have even accounted for 1.2% of the deaths.¹It has been seen that any level of alcohol consumption can lead to various degrees of cognitive problem and this is of concern due to the wide use of alcohol.²

Discussion

Mild-to-moderate impairment in intellectual functioning was seen in alcohol users.³There was also reduction in size of the brain and changes in brain activity in those individuals. The most common difficulty found in alcohol users was in visuospatial abilities and higher cognitive functioning.⁴ Visuospatial abilities refer to perceiving an object and in a way remembering how it is located in 2- and 3-dimensional space. The ability to organize and then set in motion and if needed to change comprises the abstract thinking which forms a part of higher cognition. It was seen that individuals with a binge drinking pattern have impairments in tasks like working memory, planning, attention, and decision making.⁵ It was proposed that the effects of alcohol on cognition lies on a continuum from light functional deterioration to cognitive deficits which are serious depending on the amount of drink consumed.⁶ Some studies reported deficits in concept formation and abstraction in young-to middle-aged men who were engaged even in social drinking.⁷

An increasing number of reports now suggest a J-shaped relationship between cognition and amount of alcohol consumed, suggesting that low to moderate drinking can be beneficial for cognition than non-drinking or heavy drinking.^8–10 In contrast, there are several studies that shows that these benefits are limited and condition-specific.¹¹ Launer et al.¹²found that cognitive function was improved by alcohol only in patients of cardiovascular diseases or diabetes mellitus, while some have reported a benefit only in elderly women.^13,14 Some studies, moreover, found that light-to-moderate alcohol intake reduced the chances of dementia.¹⁵Several attempts were done to define a safe dose for alcohol but has been inconsistent. A review of 19 published studies have shown that 5 or 6 “standard drinks” per day caused “cognitive inefficiencies”, 7 to 9 drinks caused “mild cognitive deficits”, and 10 or more drinks caused impaired cognition of a degree which is found in frank alcoholics. The relation between duration and lifetime quantity of drinking and cognition is somewhat not very clear. Some studies said that cognitive performance worsens directly in proportion to the amount and duration of alcohol intake.¹⁶Some have suggested that cognitive deficits may be found only in those who drink regularly for 10 years or more.^17,18 Although further research is needed to determine how a person's pattern of drinking is related to cognitive impairment, some deficits are possible even in people who are not heavy drinkers.

Structural imaging evidences consistently revealed that alcoholics' brains are smaller and less dense than non-alcohol users.^19,20 Loss of brain volume is specific in two areas: the outer layer (i.e., the cortex) of the frontal lobe, a major centre of higher mental functions ;^20–22 and the cerebellum. It is supported by functional imaging studies, which revealed altered brain activity in both these areas.²³ Functional imaging is also sensitive enough to detect these abnormalities even prior to structural imaging techniques, or even when major cognitive problems are not prominent. Thus functional imaging may be useful for detecting early stages of cognitive decline.²³

It is difficult to exactly measure cognitive abilities and to relate these abilities to any brain irregularity.²⁴ This has lead to development of better techniques for measuring cognition. Beatty and colleagues¹⁶ showed that cognitive impairment may be caused due to use of alcohol, by damage to multiple brain areas like prefrontal circuits. It has been seen that some of these impairment is reversible when abstinent.²⁵ Newly detoxified alcohol users show mild but significant deficits in problem-solving, short-term memory, and visuospatial abilities.²⁶ By remaining abstinent brain function is recovered by several months to 1 year²⁷-with improvements in working memory, visuospatial functioning, and attention. This is accompanied by increase in volume of brain, when compared with alcohol users who have been treated but have relapsed.²⁶Reversibility may occur due to reorganization of important brain-cell networks. It is evident that such reorganization sometimes contributes to the success of treatment.

The exact role of cognitive function in treatment of alcohol has been unclear. It was seen that patients who had problem in cognition had difficulty in comprehending the information imparted during therapy and thus may not make their full use thus impeding recovery. Other view says that cognitive functioning does not influence treatment outcome directly, but may have an impact on factors which may in turn contribute to success of treatment.²⁸ Cognitive impairment is most severe in the first weeks of abstinence, thus making it difficult to benefit from educational and skill-development sessions during that period.²⁹

Conclusion

Thus it is seen that the effect of alcohol on cognition is varied and depends on a number of variables like the age, sex, pattern of drinking, amount and duration of drinking, medical co-morbidities present etc.. The variation in the definition of standard drink over several studies questions the validity of the effect of amount of alcohol consumption on cognition. The amount of alcohol in a standard drink is different over countries, and no standard definition exists to define low to moderate drinking; thus, studies examining the effects of alcohol on cognition have a varying result. It is, therefore, critical to have standardised definitions to increase validity over studies.¹¹ whatsoever it has been seen that even mild-to-moderate drinking can affect cognitive functioning in an adverse way. Persistent cognitive impairment leads to poor job performance in adult alcohol users, and can hamper the learning and academic achievement in adolescents with heavy drinking.³⁰ It has been shown that cognitive impairment may in stand in way of recovery, although robust evidences are not available. Practical strategies are needed to deal with this combination of alcoholism and cognitive impairment and it requires a detailed understanding of the nature of cognitive functions and the interactions it have in structural and functional brain abnormalities and in this way find out probable solutions for the same. It is hoped that future researches will give more evidence and insight in the relationship of alcohol consumption and cognitive impairment, but it is highly imperative that intervention for individuals with problematic alcohol use behaviour may play a significant role in prevention of cognitive impairment in that population.