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eISSN: 2377-4282

Nanomedicine Research

Review Article Volume 4 Issue 4

Nano-Communication Propagation Channel Model Using Flow and Diffusion

Azari A, S Kamal S Sahbari, Fahim A

Department of Electrical Engineering, Tabriz Branch Islamic Azad University, Iran

Correspondence: S Kamal S Sahbari, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tabriz Branch Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran

Received: November 27, 2016 | Published: December 12, 2016

Citation: Azari A, Sahbari SKS, Fahim A (2016) Nano-Communication Propagation Channel Model Using Flow and Diffusion. J Nanomed Res 4(4): 00095. DOI: 10.15406/jnmr.2016.04.00095

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Abstract

Inspired by biological communication systems, nano–communication in particular molecular communication has been proposed as a viable scheme to communicate between nano–sized devices separated by a very short distance. Here, molecules are released by the transmitter into the medium, which are then sensed by the receiver.Thus, this has necessitated the research on the potential applications of nanotechnology in a wide range of nano–networking areas. Nano–networking is a new type of networking which can also be applied to the communication theory. In this paper, a well justified channel propagation model for flow–based nano–characteristic communication channel is considered. The signal propagation model based on the advection and diffusion processes is analyzed. Furthermore, a sound mathematical justification for the linearity and time–variance properties of flow and diffusion based nano–communication channel model is investigated.

 Keywords: nano–communication, propagation, molecular, diffusion, flow

Introduction

Nano–technology is a science and technology of engineering operative systems at molecular scale. Figure 1 shows different approaches for nano–machines developments. As it can be seen in this figure, development of nano–machines can be accomplished using three approaches.1

Figure 1 Different approaches for nano-machines development.

  1. A top–down approach in which nano–machines are developed using current micro–electronic devices.1,2
  2. A bottom– up approached in which nano–machines are developed using molecular components.2
  3. A bio–hybrid approach in which the development of nano–machines is based on studying existing biological models.2

In general the concept of nano–technology and development largely remains in the research phase. However, only recently a manufacturing approach has been provided for nano–machines with 1.5–nanometere switch which can be used to detect and count specific type of molecule.3

The most important application of nano–networks is in biology and biomedicine. Molecular communication (MC) is also a bio–inspired paradigm where the exchange of information is accomplished through the transmission, propagation, and reception of molecules. MC is considered a promising option for communications in nano –networks, which are defined as interconnection between nano–machines. The process of molecular propagation is based on radically different phenomenon with respect to the electromagnetic propagation in classical communication systems. While electromagnetic waves operate the propagation of the energy at the speed of light, the molecular diffusion process is caused by random motion of molecules in fluid. As a result, while electromagnetic propagation is mostly in the defined direction, molecular motion usually propagate in a random direction with high delay for almost all transmission ranges. In order to provide a biocompatible nano–communication scheme which in particular applicable to biomedical applications, we consider a molecular communication system model. So, to define a very reliable nano–communication system, in particular a molecular communication system, a well justified channel model is of great significance.

Molecular communication system model

 Designing a realizable transmitter and receiver structure requires a well–justified model for channel propagation. In nano–communications in general, and molecular communication in particular, transportation of messenger molecules is mainly affected by the stationary and non–stationary nature of the propagation environment. Hence, based on the stationary aspect of the propagation environment, molecular communication channels are classified into two groups: diffusion–based and flow–based molecular channels. In diffusion–based communication channels, in contrast to the flow–based communication channels, the propagation medium is stationary. Thus the molecular communications can be the most practical means for realization of communications between nano–machines. In molecular communications paradigm, transmitters use molecules for encoding and transmitting information in contrast to the conventional electromagnetic communications in which the information is transmitted using electromagnetic waves. In general two molecular communication techniques are considered:

  1. Molecular communication using molecular motors such as, kinesin, myosin or dynein for information transmission
  2. Molecular communication using calcium signalling, in which calcium ions are used for information transmission. Also with respect to the communication range, molecular communications are classified as follows; short–range communications, in which communication range is from nm to mm as intra–cell and inte cell communications, medium–range molecular communications, in which in general communication range is from μm to mm, and long–rage molecular communications, in which the communication range is from mm to km.

Diffusion–based molecular communication System model

 In Figure 2 a schematic of diffusion–based molecular communication system is illustrated. The Propagation of the desired signal is mainly governed by the transport mechanism of the emitted molecules. In the diffusion–based molecular communication channels (i.e.; where the propagation medium is stationary), the propagation process of emitted messenger molecules is accomplished by means of thermally activated diffusion mechanism. In this transport mechanism, molecular flux is achieved from regions of high density to low density via random collisions with underlying medium. As it can be seen similar to a conventional digital communication system; there must be three major stages for any molecular communication process, transmission, propagation, and the reception processes.

Figure 2 A schematic of a molecular communication system.

Flow–based molecular communication system model

 When the propagation medium is stationary (i.e.; diffusion based molecular channels), Viscose forces of the propagation medium dominates the propagation process and the emitted messenger molecules are propagated by thermally activated diffusion mechanism.4,6,8,10–12 However, when the propagation medium is in motion (i.e.; flow–based molecular channels), the messenger molecule propagation are effected both by diffusion and advection mechanism. Figure 3 illustrates a flow–based molecular communication system.

Figure 3 Flow-based molecular exchange system.

Flow–based molecular communication channel propagation model

 When the propagation medium is stationary (i.e.; diffusion–based molecular channels), viscous forces of propagation medium dominate the propagation process and the emitted messenger molecules are propagated by means of thermally activated diffusion mechanism.4,6,8,10–12 However, when the propagation medium is in motion (i.e.; flow–based molecular channels), the propagation of emitted messenger molecules are effected both by diffusion and advection process. Hence, there are two sources of flux for which the messenger molecules are propagated:

  1. Diffusion flux which is calculated by the Fick's first law.13

J diff =D U ¯ (X(t),t) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=x fr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaqcfaOaamOsam aaBaaajuaibaGaamizaiaadMgacaWGMbGaamOzaaqabaqcfaOaeyyp a0JaaGPaVlabgkHiTiaadseacaaMc8Uaey4bIe9aa0aaaeaacaWGvb aaaiaacIcacaWGybGaaiikaiaadshacaGGPaGaaiilaiaadshacaGG Paaaaa@4A51@   (1)

Where U ¯ (X(t),t) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=x fr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaqcfa4aa0aaae aacaWGvbaaaiaacIcacaWGybGaaiikaiaadshacaGGPaGaaiilaiaa dshacaGGPaaaaa@3DA0@  is the molecular concentration with X (x(t),y(t)) the two dimensional molecular position at time t, and D being the diffusion coefficient..

  1. Advective flux which is due to the motion of the medium and is written in.13,15 as:

J adv =V(t) U ¯ (X(t),t) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=x fr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaqcfaOaamOsam aaBaaajuaibaGaamyyaiaadsgacaWG2baabeaajuaGcqGH9aqpcaaM c8UaamOvaiaacIcacaWG0bGaaiykaiaaykW7daqdaaqaaiaadwfaaa GaaiikaiaadIfacaGGOaGaamiDaiaacMcacaGGSaGaamiDaiaacMca aaa@495F@   (2)

Where v( t ) =(  vx ( t ).vy ( y ) ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVCI8FfYJH8YrFfeuY=Hhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbb a9q8WqFfeaY=biLkVcLq=JHqpepeea0=as0Fb9pgeaYRXxe9vr0=vr 0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaacaqabeaadaqaaqaaaOqaaKqbacbaaaaaaa aapeGaamODa8aadaqadaqaa8qacaWG0baapaGaayjkaiaawMcaa8qa caqGGaGaeyypa0ZdamaabmaabaWdbiaabccacaWG2bGaamiEaiaabc capaWaaeWaaeaapeGaamiDaaWdaiaawIcacaGLPaaapeGaaiOlaiaa dAhacaWG5bGaaeiia8aadaqadaqaa8qacaWG5baapaGaayjkaiaawM caaaGaayjkaiaawMcaaaaa@49A6@  is the two dimensional vector velocity of the propagation motion at time t.

Signal propagation model

 Thus the convection–diffusion equation is used to model the effects of both advection and diffusion in the flow–based molecular communication. If U ¯ (X(t),t) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=x fr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaqcfa4aa0aaae aacaWGvbaaaiaacIcacaWGybGaaiikaiaadshacaGGPaGaaiilaiaa dshacaGGPaaaaa@3DA0@  is the mean molecular concentration at time t, then we may write.13

U ¯ (X(t),t) t =D 2 U ¯ (X(t),t)V(t) U ¯ (X(t),t)+S MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=x fr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaqcfa4aaSaaae aacqGHciITdaqdaaqaaiaadwfaaaGaaiikaiaadIfacaGGOaGaamiD aiaacMcacaGGSaGaamiDaiaacMcaaeaacqGHciITcaWG0baaaiaayk W7cqGH9aqpcaaMc8UaamiraiaaykW7cqGHhis0daahaaqcfasabeaa caaIYaaaaKqbaoaanaaabaGaamyvaaaacaGGOaGaamiwaiaacIcaca WG0bGaaiykaiaacYcacaWG0bGaaiykaiaaykW7cqGHsislcaaMc8Ua amOvaiaacIcacaWG0bGaaiykaiabgEGirlaaykW7daqdaaqaaiaadw faaaGaaiikaiaadIfacaGGOaGaamiDaiaacMcacaGGSaGaamiDaiaa cMcacaaMc8Uaey4kaSIaaGPaVlaadofaaaa@684E@   (3)

 where X(t) being the two dimensional molecular position at time t and S being any extra source in the medium in case exists. In our analysis we will assume that S =0. Let us simplify the notation X(t) by omitting time t ,and assume that the concentration of emitted molecules is much lower than the concentration of medium molecules.5–7,9,11 We now show that the Eq. (3) is nothing more than the Fick's second law of propagation.

 We now proceed by defining a new coordinate system that moves along with the medium flow (i.e.; with the same velocity vector). Hence,

X=X'+ X tx + t 0 t v(β)dβ orX'=X X tx t 0 t v(β)dβ MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=x fr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaqcfaOaamiwai aaykW7cqGH9aqpcaaMc8UaamiwaiaacEcacaaMc8Uaey4kaSIaaGPa VlaadIfadaWgaaqcfasaaiaadshacaWG4baabeaajuaGcaaMc8Uaey 4kaSIaaGPaVpaapedabaGaamODaiaacIcacqaHYoGycaGGPaGaamiz aiabek7aIbqaaiaaykW7caWG0bWaaSbaaKqbGeaacaaIWaaabeaaaK qbagaacaaMc8UaamiDaaGaey4kIipacaaMc8UaaGPaVlaaykW7caaM c8UaaGPaVlaaykW7caaMc8UaaGPaVlaad+gacaWGYbGaaGPaVlaayk W7caaMc8UaaGPaVlaaykW7caaMc8UaaGPaVlaadIfacaGGNaGaaGPa Vlabg2da9iaaykW7caWGybGaaGPaVlabgkHiTiaaykW7caWGybWaaS baaKqbGeaacaWG0bGaamiEaaqcfayabaGaaGPaVlabgkHiTiaaykW7 daWdXaqaaiaadAhacaGGOaGaeqOSdiMaaiykaiaadsgacqaHYoGyae aacaaMc8UaamiDamaaBaaajuaibaGaaGimaaqcfayabaaabaGaaGPa VlaadshaaiabgUIiYdaaaa@924A@   (4)

Where Xtx= (xtx , ytx) is the two–dimensional position of the transmitter with t0 being the initial time of an impulse messenger molecule transmission.

Since

2 U ¯ (X,t)= X ( U X ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=x fr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaqcfaOaey4bIe 9aaWbaaKqbGeqabaGaaGOmaaaajuaGdaqdaaqaaiaadwfaaaGaaiik aiaadIfacaGGSaGaamiDaiaacMcacaaMc8Uaeyypa0JaaGPaVpaala aabaGaeyOaIylabaGaeyOaIyRaamiwaaaacaGGOaWaaSaaaeaacqGH ciITcaWGvbaabaGaeyOaIyRaamiwaaaacaGGPaaaaa@4C2F@   (5)

Substituting Eq.(4) in Eq.(5) and noting that

U ¯ (X,t) t = U(X,t) X . X t = U ¯ (X',t) X' . X' t and 2 U(X,t)= X ( U(X,t) X )= X ( U(X,t) X' . X' X )= X' ( U ¯ (X',t) X' . X' X ). X' X MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=x fr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGceaqabeaajuaGda WcaaqaaiabgkGi2oaanaaabaGaamyvaaaacaGGOaGaamiwaiaacYca caWG0bGaaiykaaqaaiabgkGi2kaadshaaaGaaGPaVlabg2da9iaayk W7daWcaaqaaiabgkGi2kaadwfacaGGOaGaamiwaiaacYcacaWG0bGa aiykaaqaaiabgkGi2kaadIfaaaGaaGPaVlaac6cacaaMc8+aaSaaae aacqGHciITcaWGybaabaGaeyOaIyRaamiDaaaacaaMc8Uaeyypa0Ja aGPaVpaalaaabaGaeyOaIy7aa0aaaeaacaWGvbaaaiaacIcacaWGyb Gaai4jaiaacYcacaWG0bGaaiykaaqaaiabgkGi2kaadIfacaGGNaaa aiaaykW7caGGUaGaaGPaVpaalaaabaGaeyOaIyRaamiwaiaacEcaae aacqGHciITcaWG0baaaaqaaiaadggacaWGUbGaamizaaGcbaqcfaOa ey4bIe9aaWbaaeqajuaibaGaaGOmaaaajuaGcaWGvbGaaiikaiaadI facaGGSaGaamiDaiaacMcacaaMc8Uaeyypa0JaaGPaVpaalaaabaGa eyOaIylabaGaeyOaIyRaamiwaaaacaGGOaWaaSaaaeaacqGHciITca WGvbGaaiikaiaadIfacaGGSaGaamiDaiaacMcaaeaacqGHciITcaWG ybaaaiaacMcacaaMc8Uaeyypa0JaaGPaVpaalaaabaGaeyOaIylaba GaeyOaIyRaamiwaaaacaGGOaWaaSaaaeaacqGHciITcaWGvbGaaiik aiaadIfacaGGSaGaamiDaiaacMcaaeaacqGHciITcaWGybGaai4jaa aacaaMc8UaaiOlaiaaykW7daWcaaqaaiabgkGi2kaadIfacaGGNaaa baGaeyOaIyRaamiwaaaacaGGPaGaaGPaVlabg2da9iaaykW7daWcaa qaaiabgkGi2cqaaiabgkGi2kaadIfacaGGNaaaaiaacIcadaWcaaqa aiabgkGi2oaanaaabaGaamyvaaaacaGGOaGaamiwaiaacEcacaGGSa GaamiDaiaacMcaaeaacqGHciITcaWGybGaai4jaaaacaaMc8UaaiOl aiaaykW7daWcaaqaaiabgkGi2kaadIfacaGGNaaabaGaeyOaIyRaam iwaaaacaGGPaGaaiOlamaalaaabaGaeyOaIyRaamiwaiaacEcaaeaa cqGHciITcaWGybaaaaaaaa@C622@

We then get the following result:

U ¯ (X',t) X' . X' t + U ¯ (X',t) t =D X' ( U ¯ (X',t) X' . X' X )( X' X )v(t) U ¯ (X',t) X' . X' X ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=x fr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaqcfa4aaSaaae aacqGHciITdaqdaaqaaiaadwfaaaGaaiikaiaadIfacaGGNaGaaiil aiaadshacaGGPaaabaGaeyOaIyRaamiwaiaacEcaaaGaaiOlamaala aabaGaeyOaIyRaamiwaiaacEcaaeaacqGHciITcaWG0baaaiaaykW7 caaMc8Uaey4kaSIaaGPaVpaalaaabaGaeyOaIy7aa0aaaeaacaWGvb aaaiaacIcacaWGybGaai4jaiaacYcacaWG0bGaaiykaaqaaiabgkGi 2kaadshaaaGaeyypa0JaaGPaVlaadseadaWcaaqaaiabgkGi2cqaai abgkGi2kaadIfacaGGNaaaaiaacIcadaWcaaqaaiabgkGi2oaanaaa baGaamyvaaaacaGGOaGaamiwaiaacEcacaGGSaGaamiDaiaacMcaae aacqGHciITcaWGybGaai4jaaaacaaMc8UaaiOlaiaaykW7daWcaaqa aiabgkGi2kaadIfacaGGNaaabaGaeyOaIyRaamiwaaaacaGGPaGaai ikaiaaykW7daWcaaqaaiabgkGi2kaadIfacaGGNaaabaGaeyOaIyRa amiwaaaacaGGPaGaaGPaVlabgkHiTiaaykW7caWG2bGaaiikaiaads hacaGGPaWaaSaaaeaacqGHciITdaqdaaqaaiaadwfaaaGaaiikaiaa dIfacaGGNaGaaiilaiaadshacaGGPaaabaGaeyOaIyRaamiwaiaacE caaaGaaiOlamaalaaabaGaeyOaIyRaamiwaiaacEcaaeaacqGHciIT caWGybaaaiaacMcacaaMc8oaaa@92AB@

Hence Eq.(3) can be rewritten as :

U ¯ (X',t) t =D 2 U ¯ (X',t) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=x fr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaqcfa4aaSaaae aacqGHciITdaqdaaqaaiaadwfaaaGaaiikaiaadIfacaGGNaGaaiil aiaadshacaGGPaaabaGaeyOaIyRaamiDaaaacaaMc8Uaeyypa0JaaG PaVlaadseacqGHhis0daahaaqcfasabeaacaaIYaaaaKqbaoaanaaa baGaamyvaaaacaGGOaGaamiwaiaacEcacaGGSaGaamiDaiaacMcaca aMc8oaaa@4ED3@   (6)

Which is nothing more than the Fick's second low of molecular motion, the model of propagation process in a stationary medium.5,6,10–12 Now if we assume that at time t0, Q number of messenger molecules are transmitted, then the mean molecular concentration at location X' and time t is given by.11

U ¯ ( X ¯ ,t)= Q 4πD(t t 0 ) )exp( | X' | 2 4D(t t 0 ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=x fr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaqcfa4aa0aaae aacaWGvbaaaiaacIcadaqdaaqaaiaadIfaaaGaaiilaiaadshacaGG PaGaaGPaVlabg2da9iaaykW7daWcaaqaaiaadgfaaeaacaaI0aGaeq iWdaNaamiraiaacIcacaWG0bGaeyOeI0IaamiDamaaBaaajuaibaGa aGimaaqcfayabaGaaiykaaaacaGGPaGaaGPaVlGacwgacaGG4bGaai iCaiaacIcadaWcaaqaamaaemaabaGaamiwaiaacEcaaiaawEa7caGL iWoadaahaaqcfasabeaacaaIYaaaaaqcfayaaiaaisdacaWGebGaai ikaiaadshacqGHsislcaWG0bWaaSbaaKqbGeaacaaIWaaabeaajuaG caGGPaaaaaaa@5CDD@   (7)

Substituting Eq. (4) in Eq.(7), we get the following result as the mean molecular concentration in the reference coordinates :

U ¯ (X,t)= Q 4πD(t t 0 ) )exp( | X X tx t 0 t v(α)dα | 2 4D(t t 0 ) ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=x fr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaqcfa4aa0aaae aacaWGvbaaaiaacIcacaWGybGaaiilaiaadshacaGGPaGaaGPaVlab g2da9iaaykW7daWcaaqaaiaadgfaaeaacaaI0aGaeqiWdaNaamirai aacIcacaWG0bGaeyOeI0IaamiDamaaBaaajuaibaGaaGimaaqcfaya baGaaiykaaaacaGGPaGaaGPaVlGacwgacaGG4bGaaiiCaiaacIcada WcaaqaamaaemaabaGaamiwaiaaykW7cqGHsislcaaMc8Uaamiwamaa BaaajuaibaGaamiDaiaadIhaaKqbagqaaiaaykW7cqGHsislcaaMc8 +aa8qmaeaacaWG2bGaaiikaiabeg7aHjaacMcacaWGKbGaeqySdega baGaaGPaVlaadshadaWgaaqcfasaaiaaicdaaeqaaaqcfayaaiaayk W7caWG0baacqGHRiI8aaGaay5bSlaawIa7amaaCaaajuaibeqaaiaa ikdaaaaajuaGbaGaaGinaiaadseacaGGOaGaamiDaiabgkHiTiaads hadaWgaaqcfasaaiaaicdaaeqaaKqbakaacMcaaaGaaiykaaaa@77AF@  (8)

Hence, from Eq. (8), we can compute the mean number of messenger molecules in the receiving sensing cross section area Arx as follows:

S(t)= A rx Q 4πD(t t 0 ) exp( | X X tx t 0 t v(α)dα | 2 4D(t t 0 ) )dxdy MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=x fr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaqcfaOaam4uai aacIcacaWG0bGaaiykaiaaykW7cqGH9aqpcaaMc8+aa8GuaeaadaWc aaqaaiaadgfaaeaacaaI0aGaeqiWdaNaamiraiaacIcacaWG0bGaey OeI0IaamiDamaaBaaabaGaaGimaaqabaGaaiykaaaaaeaacaWGbbWa aSbaaKqbGeaacaWGYbGaamiEaaqcfayabaaabeGaey4kIiVaey4kIi paciGGLbGaaiiEaiaacchacaGGOaWaaSaaaeaadaabdaqaaiaadIfa caaMc8UaeyOeI0IaaGPaVlaadIfadaWgaaqcfasaaiaadshacaWG4b aabeaajuaGcaaMc8UaeyOeI0IaaGPaVpaapedabaGaamODaiaacIca cqaHXoqycaGGPaGaamizaiabeg7aHbqaaiaaykW7caWG0bWaaSbaaK qbGeaacaaIWaaajuaGbeaaaeaacaaMc8UaamiDaaGaey4kIipaaiaa wEa7caGLiWoadaahaaqabKqbGeaacaaIYaaaaaqcfayaaiaaisdaca WGebGaaiikaiaadshacqGHsislcaWG0bWaaSbaaKqbGeaacaaIWaaa juaGbeaacaGGPaaaaiaacMcacaWGKbGaamiEaiaadsgacaWG5baaaa@7E7D@   (9)

Fig.4 shows the mean number of messenger molecules in the receiver sensing area in terms of time for five different scenarios. The diffusion coefficient D =1.7× 10–9 m2/s. The distance between transmitter and receiver nano–machines is considered to be 500 μm.16 and it is assumed that the transmitter and receiver nano–machines are located at (0,0) μm and (500,0) μm, respectively. The number of the transmitted messenger molecules per information symbol is Q = 2 × 104.

Linearity of the channel

 In this part, we assume that two transmitters are transmitting pulses simultaneously with different amplitudes as follows:

gi ( t ) = Qi δ ( t ) , i=1,2 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVCI8FfYJH8YrFfeuY=Hhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbb a9q8WqFfeaY=biLkVcLq=JHqpepeea0=as0Fb9pgeaYRXxe9vr0=vr 0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaacaqabeaadaqaaqaaaOqaaKqbacbaaaaaaa aapeGaam4zaiaadMgacaqGGaWdamaabmaabaWdbiaadshaa8aacaGL OaGaayzkaaWdbiaabccacqGH9aqpcaqGGaGaamyuaiaadMgacaqGGa GaeqiTdqMaaeiia8aadaqadaqaa8qacaWG0baapaGaayjkaiaawMca a8qacaqGGaGaaiilaiaabccacaWGPbGaeyypa0JaaGymaiaacYcaca aIYaaaaa@4BA2@ Then using Eq. (9), the mean number of received messenger molecules in the receiver cross section are:

S(t)= A rx Q 4πD(t t 0 ) exp( | X X tx t 0 t v(α)dα | 2 4D(t t 0 ) )dxdy MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=x fr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaqcfaOaam4uai aacIcacaWG0bGaaiykaiaaykW7cqGH9aqpcaaMc8+aa8GuaeaadaWc aaqaaiaadgfaaeaacaaI0aGaeqiWdaNaamiraiaacIcacaWG0bGaey OeI0IaamiDamaaBaaajuaibaGaaGimaaqabaqcfaOaaiykaaaaaeaa caWGbbWaaSbaaKqbGeaacaWGYbGaamiEaaqcfayabaaabeGaey4kIi Vaey4kIipaciGGLbGaaiiEaiaacchacaGGOaWaaSaaaeaadaabdaqa aiaadIfacaaMc8UaeyOeI0IaaGPaVlaadIfadaWgaaqcfasaaiaads hacaWG4baabeaajuaGcaaMc8UaeyOeI0IaaGPaVpaapedabaGaamOD aiaacIcacqaHXoqycaGGPaGaamizaiabeg7aHbqaaiaaykW7caWG0b WaaSbaaKqbGeaacaaIWaaabeaaaKqbagaacaaMc8UaamiDaaGaey4k IipaaiaawEa7caGLiWoadaahaaqabKqbGeaacaaIYaaaaaqcfayaai aaisdacaWGebGaaiikaiaadshacqGHsislcaWG0bWaaSbaaKqbGeaa caaIWaaajuaGbeaacaGGPaaaaiaacMcacaWGKbGaamiEaiaadsgaca WG5baaaa@7F39@  (10)

Since the Qi number of messenger molecules are transmitted at time to =0, then the lower limit of the velocity integral is taken to zero.

To show the linearity of the channel, we must show that for input signal ag1 (t)+bg2 (t) (where a and b are constants) , the output signal is equal to af1(t)+bf2(t). For the transmitted signal:

g3( t ) = af1( t )+bf2( t ) = ( aQ1 +b Q2  ) δ( t ) ( 11 ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVCI8FfYJH8YrFfeuY=Hhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbb a9q8WqFfeaY=biLkVcLq=JHqpepeea0=as0Fb9pgeaYRXxe9vr0=vr 0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaacaqabeaadaqaaqaaaOqaaKqbacbaaaaaaa aapeGaam4zaiaaiodapaWaaeWaaeaapeGaamiDaaWdaiaawIcacaGL PaaapeGaaeiiaiabg2da9iaabccacaWGHbGaamOzaiaaigdapaWaae WaaeaapeGaamiDaaWdaiaawIcacaGLPaaapeGaey4kaSIaamOyaiaa dAgacaaIYaWdamaabmaabaWdbiaadshaa8aacaGLOaGaayzkaaWdbi aabccacqGH9aqpcaqGGaWdamaabmaabaWdbiaadggacaWGrbGaaGym aiaabccacqGHRaWkcaWGIbGaaeiiaiaadgfacaaIYaGaaeiiaaWdai aawIcacaGLPaaapeGaaeiiaiabes7aK9aadaqadaqaa8qacaWG0baa paGaayjkaiaawMcaa8qacaqGGaWdamaabmaabaWdbiaaigdacaaIXa aapaGaayjkaiaawMcaaaaa@5D70@

The received signal is:

f 3 (t)= A rx a Q 1 +b Q 2 4πDt exp( | X X tx 0 t v(α)dα | 2 4Dt )dxdy=a f 1 (t)+b f 2 (t) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=x fr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaqcfaOaamOzam aaBaaajuaibaGaaG4maaqabaqcfaOaaiikaiaadshacaGGPaGaaGPa Vlabg2da9iaaykW7daWdsbqaamaalaaabaGaamyyaiaadgfadaWgaa qcfasaaiaaigdaaeqaaKqbakaaykW7cqGHRaWkcaaMc8UaamOyaiaa dgfadaWgaaqcfasaaiaaikdaaKqbagqaaaqaaiaaisdacqaHapaCca WGebGaamiDaaaaaeaacaWGbbWaaSbaaKqbGeaacaWGYbGaamiEaaqa baaajuaGbeGaey4kIiVaey4kIipaciGGLbGaaiiEaiaacchacaGGOa WaaSaaaeaadaabdaqaaiaadIfacaaMc8UaeyOeI0IaaGPaVlaadIfa daWgaaqcfasaaiaadshacaWG4baabeaajuaGcaaMc8UaeyOeI0IaaG PaVpaapedabaGaamODaiaacIcacqaHXoqycaGGPaGaamizaiabeg7a HbqcfasaaiaaicdaaeaacaWG0baajuaGcqGHRiI8aaGaay5bSlaawI a7amaaCaaabeqcfasaaiaaikdaaaaajuaGbaGaaGinaiaadseacaWG 0baaaiaacMcacaWGKbGaamiEaiaadsgacaWG5bGaaGPaVlabg2da9i aaykW7caWGHbGaamOzamaaBaaajuaibaGaaGymaaqabaqcfaOaaiik aiaadshacaGGPaGaaGPaVlabgUcaRiaaykW7caWGIbGaamOzamaaBa aajuaibaGaaGOmaaqabaqcfaOaaiikaiaadshacaGGPaaaaa@9062@   (12)

Thus, the molecular channel when the propagation medium being in motion confirms the linearity property.

Time–variance of the channel

 To show the time –variance property, we consider two transmitters are sending their pulses at different time instants as follows:

 g1( t ) = Q δ( t ) ,g2( t ) = Q δ( t α ). MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVCI8FfYJH8YrFfeuY=Hhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbb a9q8WqFfeaY=biLkVcLq=JHqpepeea0=as0Fb9pgeaYRXxe9vr0=vr 0=vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaacaqabeaadaqaaqaaaOqaaKqbacbaaaaaaa aapeGaaiiOaiaadEgacaaIXaWdamaabmaabaWdbiaadshaa8aacaGL OaGaayzkaaWdbiaabccacqGH9aqpcaqGGaGaamyuaiaabccacqaH0o azpaWaaeWaaeaapeGaamiDaaWdaiaawIcacaGLPaaapeGaaeiiaiaa cYcacaWGNbGaaGOma8aadaqadaqaa8qacaWG0baapaGaayjkaiaawM caa8qacaqGGaGaeyypa0JaaeiiaiaadgfacaqGGaGaeqiTdq2damaa bmaabaWdbiaadshacaqGGaGaeyOeI0IaeqySdegapaGaayjkaiaawM caa8qacaGGUaaaaa@5614@   (13)

Then, the signals arriving in the receiver are:

f 1 (t)= A rx Q 4πDt exp( | X X tx 0 t v(α)dα | 2 4Dt )dxdy MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=x fr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaqcfaOaamOzam aaBaaajuaibaGaaGymaaqabaqcfaOaaiikaiaadshacaGGPaGaaGPa Vlabg2da9iaaykW7daWdsbqaamaalaaabaGaamyuaaqaaiaaisdacq aHapaCcaWGebGaamiDaaaaaeaacaWGbbWaaSbaaKqbGeaacaWGYbGa amiEaaqcfayabaaabeGaey4kIiVaey4kIipaciGGLbGaaiiEaiaacc hacaGGOaWaaSaaaeaadaabdaqaaiaadIfacaaMc8UaeyOeI0IaaGPa VlaadIfadaWgaaqcfasaaiaadshacaWG4baajuaGbeaacaaMc8Uaey OeI0IaaGPaVpaapedabaGaamODaiaacIcacqaHXoqycaGGPaGaamiz aiabeg7aHbqaaiaaykW7juaicaaIWaaajuaGbaGaaGPaVNqbGiaads haaKqbakabgUIiYdaacaGLhWUaayjcSdWaaWbaaKqbGeqabaGaaGOm aaaaaKqbagaacaaI0aGaamiraiaadshaaaGaaiykaiaadsgacaWG4b GaamizaiaadMhaaaa@76DA@

f 2 (t)= A rx Q 4πD(tβ) exp( | X X tx 0 t v(α)dα | 2 4D(tβ) )dxdy f 1 (tβ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=x fr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaqcfaOaamOzam aaBaaajuaibaGaaGOmaaqabaqcfaOaaiikaiaadshacaGGPaGaaGPa Vlabg2da9iaaykW7daWdsbqaamaalaaabaGaamyuaaqaaiaaisdacq aHapaCcaWGebGaaiikaiaadshacqGHsislcqaHYoGycaGGPaaaaaqa aiaadgeadaWgaaqcfasaaiaadkhacaWG4baabeaaaKqbagqacqGHRi I8cqGHRiI8aiGacwgacaGG4bGaaiiCaiaacIcadaWcaaqaamaaemaa baGaamiwaiaaykW7cqGHsislcaaMc8UaamiwamaaBaaajuaibaGaam iDaiaadIhaaeqaaKqbakaaykW7cqGHsislcaaMc8+aa8qmaeaacaWG 2bGaaiikaiabeg7aHjaacMcacaWGKbGaeqySdegabaGaaGPaVNqbGi aaicdaaKqbagaacaaMc8EcfaIaamiDaaqcfaOaey4kIipaaiaawEa7 caGLiWoadaahaaqcfasabeaacaaIYaaaaaqcfayaaiaaisdacaWGeb GaaiikaiaadshacqGHsislcqaHYoGycaGGPaaaaiaacMcacaWGKbGa amiEaiaadsgacaWG5bGaaGPaVlabgcMi5kaaykW7caWGMbWaaSbaaK qbGeaacaaIXaaabeaajuaGcaGGOaGaamiDaiabgkHiTiabek7aIjaa cMcaaaa@8AE9@   (14)

Which illustrates the time–variance of flow–based molecular communication channel?

Since, the channel response not only depends on the observation time but also on when the signal is applied. Therefore, the received signal, s(t), is simply the convolution of the input signal (i.e.; impulse of transmitted messenger molecules ) with the channel response. This is due to the fact that in wireless channel models, input symbol chosen to be and to be an impulse of almost zero width. Hence, we may write s(t)= Q δ(t) * h (t, τ) with h(t, τ) being the time varying channel response at time t due to the impulse applied at time t– τ. Hence, using Eq.(10), we can conclude that the time–varying impulse response of a flow–based molecular channel is given by:

h(t,τ)= A rx Q 4πD(τ) exp( | X X tx tτ t v(α)dα | 2 4D(τ) )dxdy MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=x fr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaqcfaOaamiAai aacIcacaWG0bGaaiilaiabes8a0jaacMcacaaMc8Uaeyypa0JaaGPa VpaapifabaWaaSaaaeaacaWGrbaabaGaaGinaiabec8aWjaadseaca GGOaGaeqiXdqNaaiykaaaaaeaacaWGbbWaaSbaaKqbGeaacaWGYbGa amiEaaqcfayabaaabeGaey4kIiVaey4kIipaciGGLbGaaiiEaiaacc hacaGGOaWaaSaaaeaadaabdaqaaiaadIfacaaMc8UaeyOeI0IaaGPa VlaadIfadaWgaaqcfasaaiaadshacaWG4baajuaGbeaacaaMc8Uaey OeI0IaaGPaVpaapedabaGaamODaiaacIcacqaHXoqycaGGPaGaamiz aiabeg7aHbqcfasaaiaaykW7caWG0bGaeyOeI0IaeqiXdqhajuaGba GaaGPaVNqbGiaadshaaKqbakabgUIiYdaacaGLhWUaayjcSdWaaWba aKqbGeqabaGaaGOmaaaaaKqbagaacaaI0aGaamiraiaacIcacqaHep aDcaGGPaaaaiaacMcacaWGKbGaamiEaiaadsgacaWG5baaaa@7EF4@   (15)

Conclusion and future work

 An important challenge in nano–network research concerns the modelling of physical layer communications. When the propagation medium is stationary, the propagation of emitted messenger molecules is accomplished by a thermal diffusion mechanism, where Brownian motion statistical model may be considered. However, when nano–machines communicate in a moving propagation medium, the propagation of messenger molecules are accomplished by advection mechanism as well as diffusion mechanism.

 In this study, a physical layer channel model for nano–machines in a nano–network was analyzed. With huge potential applications to nano–networks in biomedicine and biology, the primary focus was on the molecular communications. The channel model based on flow–diffusion was addressed. The signal model also was provided where the linearity and time– variance properties were established. It is believed that one of the current unexplored challenges in nano–communication particularly, in the molecular communication systems is pulse shaping. As it can be seen from the Figure 4, the molecular channel response has a long tail which causes residual noise and intersymbol interference in communication. Also, the effects of electromagnetic and electrostatic fields on the transporting characteristics of the molecular communication should be investigated. Existence of such external field, applies forces on the emitted messenger molecules, which will ultimately have negative effect on their motions. Finally, studying channel capacity based on signal propagation and noise in the nano–communication systems especially, in molecular communications can be a very interesting and attracting field to be considered.

Figure 4 The mean number of messengermolecules in the receiver sensing area in five Scenarios: 1) v = (0, 0) μm/s, 2) v = (5, 0) μm/s, 3) v = (10, 0) μm/s, 4) v = (5, 5) μm/s, and 5) v = (-5, 0) μm/s.

Acknowledgments

None.

Conflicts of interest

None.

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