This article deals with the dedication texts of the Old Kingdom private tombs. These texts are collected from the tombs. The commentary considers the distribution of the texts in the Old Kingdom cemeteries, positions of writing these texts, dating of the texts, dedicators and those to whom the dedications were made, and context and construction of the dedication texts.

Keywords: old kingdom, dedicators, , , , statue, main entrance, false door, offering table, sarcophagus

The Ancient Egyptian tomb during the Old Kingdom was decorated with different scenes and writings. The dedication texts, which were inscribed on parts of the tomb or its funerary objects, formed part of this decoration. They state who built the tomb, or parts of it, and presented and dedicated it to the tomb owner. These texts are either written in the direct speech of the dedicator, using the suffix pronoun of the first person, or written without using this direct speech.

This study is concerned with the presentations made by one individual to another. The king’s presentations to individuals are excluded from this study and will be studied in a separate article. The texts which state the signature, titles and names of the artists are also excluded because they are not strictly dedication texts as the artists would have been paid for their work.^1–3 Also, these texts were the subject of another study.¹

Strudwick collected some of these tomb texts, dividing them into two categories: private legal texts and dedicatory texts. These were translated but not analyzed.² El Saket tried to study these texts in Arabic. His study was only in the Memphite necropolis and the province cemeteries are not included. In this study, many texts that were not dedication texts were also included and studied as dedication texts, such as the text of Khufuseneb II, Neferenkhufu, Shetui, Kaennesut II, Redines, Ptahhotep-desher, and Nefermaat.³ Also, this study did not include many dedication texts such as that of Iabtet,⁴ Gerf,⁵ Mersiankh III,⁶ Nefertjes,⁷ Iymerery and his wife persent,⁸ Pekhernefret,⁹ Sehy,¹⁰ Seni,¹¹ Sethu,¹² Demedi,¹³ Nikaankh,¹⁴ Tepemankh II,¹⁵ Seshu,¹⁶ and Nikauptah.¹⁷ Moreover, this study did not include all the positions of writing the dedication texts, nor all the cemeteries that contain these texts, nor the dating, nor all the dedicators and those to whom the dedications were made, nor all the context and construction of the these texts.^4-16

Here, in our study, we tried to covers more texts than Strudwick’s and Al-Saket’s studies: in all, about 78 texts from the Old Kingdom. These texts are categorized and listed in a table in chronological order from north-south, including the location of the tomb included dedication texts, dating, writing position, and context of these texts. Then we have a commentary that includes examining each of these elements listed in the Table 1.

Commentary

Distribution of the dedication text in the old kingdom cemeteries

These texts exist in the Memphite Necropolis at Giza, Saqqara and Dahshur, also in the provinces at Tahna, El-Hawawish, El-Hagarsa, Kom el-Kaffer, and El-Qasr wa es-sayd. They were more common in the Memphite Necropolis than the provinces and more common in Giza than Saqqara.

They were found at Giza in five Cemeteries:

1. West field: These texts were more common in this necropolis than any other. They appeared here from the Fifth Dynasty onwards (Tombs nos. 5, 9, 29, 33–36, 47–54, 65, 71–73).
2. East field: These texts were found here during the Fourth Dynasty (Tombs nos. 1, 37, 38).
3. Central field: These texts were found here from the Fifth Dynasty onwards (Tombs nos. 10, 11, 30, 31, 39–42, 55).
4. Menkaure cemetery: These texts appeared infrequently here in the Sixth Dynasty (Tomb no. 56).
5. South field: These texts are rarely found in this cemetery in late Old Kingdom (Tomb no. 67).

There are many examples from Giza, although the exact location is now unknown (Tombs nos. 12, 13, 66, 68, 69).

These texts were found at Saqqara in three Cemeteries:

1. Step pyramid cemetery: These texts appeared in this cemetery from the Fifth Dynasty onwards (Tombs nos. 14–16, 32, 57, 74).
2. Unas cemetery: These texts appeared infrequently here in the Fifth and Sixth Dynasties (Tombs nos. 17, 58).
3. South Saqqara: These texts were rarely found in this cemetery in late Old Kingdom (Tomb no. 75).

There are many examples from Saqqara, the exact position is now unknown (Tombs nos. 2, 3, 18-24, 43–44, 70).

These texts also existed in other cemeteries:

1. Dahshur: These texts were rarely found here in the Fifth or Sixth Dynasty (Tomb no. 45).
2. Tahna: These texts appeared infrequently in this cemetery in the Fifth Dynasty (Tombs nos. 25, 26).
3. El-Hawawish: These texts were found here in the Sixth Dynasty (Tombs nos. 59–62, 64).
4. El-Hagarsa: These texts rarely appeared here in the Sixth Dynasty (Tomb no. 63).
5. El-Qasr wa es-sayd: These texts were rarely found here in late Old Kingdom (Tomb no. 76).
6. Kom el-Kaffer: These texts rarely appeared here in late Old Kingdom (Tomb no. 77).
7. Abydos: These texts were rarely found here in late Old Kingdom (Tomb no. 78).

Positions of writing the Dedication Texts

These Texts were inscribed on:

1. Tomb’s main entrance

The dedication texts were written on the lintels, jambs, thicknesses, drums, and panels of the main entrance (Tombs nos. 6, 11, 15, 16, 19, 20, 27, 31–33, 35, 37–39, 41, 48, 53, 55, 66) from the Fifth Dynasty onwards. Usually when the texts were written on any part of these five elements of the entrance, this seems to imply that the person dedicated only this part or the whole entrance. It is noted that these texts were inscribed on the main entrance only in the Memphite cemetery. They were more proven in Giza than Saqqara. These texts were found on the main entrance in Giza in the Fifth and Sixth Dynasties in the West Field, East Field, and Central Field and were discovered in Saqqara in the Fifth Dynasty north of the Step Pyramid. The entrance lintel was the preferred position for writing these texts. The entrance drum and wooden door panel were infrequently used to include these texts.

2. False doors and Stelae

The dedication texts were inscribed on the lintels and jambs of the false doors (Tombs nos. 2, 4, 5, 7, 12 –14, 24, 28, 30, 32, 41, 42, 44, 45, 47, 50, 52, 56, 58, 71) from the Fourth Dynasty onwards and on the upper part of the stela (upper lintel because it imitates the false door) (Tomb no. 78). Inscribing the dedication texts on the false door was mainly discovered in the Memphite necropolis and infrequently in the provinces at Abydos. It is mainly found at Giza and Saqqara and infrequently at Dahshur. It rarely began in the Fourth Dynasty and continued with an increase from the Fifth Dynasty until the late Old Kingdom.

3. Tomb’s walls

The dedication texts were written on the walls of side walls of the main façade and the inner rooms of tomb super-structures (Tombs nos. 6, 10, 17, 25, 26, 40, 59–64, 76, 77) from the Fifth Dynasty onwards. The writing of these texts on the walls of tombs was rarely known in capital cemetery at Giza and Saqqara in the Fifth Dynasty and was more known in the province cemeteries at Tahna, El-Hawawish, El-Hagarsa, El-Qasr wa es-sayd, and Kom el-kaffar from the Fifth Dynasty until the late Old Kingdom.

4. Offering tables and basins

The dedication texts were mentioned on the offering tables and basins (Tombs nos. 3, 22, 34, 36, 43, 45, 46, 48, 49, 51, 54, 65, 68–70, 72–75) from the Fourth Dynasty onwards. The writing of these texts on the offering tables and basins was known only in capital cemetery in Giza, Saqqara, and Dahshur. It was infrequently found in the Fourth Dynasty and was expanded in use from the Fifth Dynasty until the late Old Kingdom.

5. Statues

The dedication texts were written on the statues (Tombs nos. 1, 8, 9, 18, 21, 23, 29, 57) from the Fourth Dynasty onwards. These texts were rarely found on the statues of the Fourth and Sixth Dynasties. They were more related to the statues of the Fifth Dynasty.

6. Sarcophagus

The dedication texts were rarely shown on the sarcophagus (Tomb no. 1) and they were only found in Giza and during the Fourth Dynasty.

When these texts were written on the entrances, false doors, offering tables, basins, statues or sarcophagi, it is usually the case that these elements only were dedicated. When they were written on the wall of the inner rooms and side wall of the main façade, usually the whole tomb was dedicated to the deceased. There are only four tombs where this is not the case (Tombs nos. 6, 16, 31, 57), where the texts were written on a part of the main entrance and a jamb of a false door but mentioning that the whole tomb was dedicated to the deceased.

The person usually dedicated one of the previous elements (Tombs nos. 1–5, 7–9, 11-13, 15, 18–24, 27–30, 33–39, 42–44, 46, 47, 49–55, 57, 58, 65–75, 78), sometimes two elements (Tombs nos. 14, 32, 41, 45, 48), or the whole parts of the tomb (Tombs nos. 6, 10, 16, 17, 25, 26, 31, 40, 56, 59–64, 76, 77).

Dating of the dedication texts

These Texts were inscribed from the Fourth Dynasty onwards at Memphis Necropolis, and rarely from the Fifth Dynasty onwards in the provinces. Their use increased during the Sixth Dynasty. They were more public in Memphis Necropolis.

1. Fourth dynasty: These texts rarely appeared in the Fourth Dynasty in Giza and Saqqara (Tombs nos. 1–5).
2. Fifth dynasty: These texts continued in the Fifth Dynasty (Tombs nos. 6–32) in Giza and Saqqara and appeared at Tahna.
3. Sixth dynasty: These texts continued in the Sixth Dynasty (Tombs nos. 47–63) in Giza, rarely in Saqqara and appeared at El-Hawawish and El-Hagarsa.
4. Late old kingdom: These texts continued in Late Old Kingdom (Tombs nos. 64, 71–78) in Giza, Saqqara, El-Hawawish, El-Qasr wa es-sayd, Kom el-kaffar, and Abydos.

 The dating of some tombs is uncertain (Tombs nos. 33–46, 65–70).

Dedicators and those to whom the dedications were made

After studying these texts, 11 different persons were identified as those making dedications and 14 other persons were identified as those receiving the dedications. There are two relations between them, the family and work. The first one was more common than the other as follows:

1. Son to his father, this was the most common one (Tombs nos. 4, 6, 7, 11, 13, 15–17, 19, 22, 25, 27, 29, 32, 33, 35, 37, 38, 40, 46, 51, 53, 54, 57, 59, 61–68, 71, 72, 75, 77).
2. Son to his Mother (Tombs nos. 1, 5, 20, 30, 48, 56).
3. Son to his Parents (Tombs nos. 9, 23, 26, 36, 42, 48, 52, 69).
4. Son to his Ancestors (Tombs nos. 28, 47, 77).
5. Son to his Uncle (Tomb no. 69 )
6. Son-in-law to mother-in-law (Tomb no. 12).
7. Daughter to her Father (Tombs nos. 25, 60).
8. Daughter to her parents (Tomb no. 78).
9. Father to his Son (Tombs nos. 10, 14, 34, 44, 74).
10. Father to his Daughter (Tomb no. 50).
11. Mother to her Daughter (Tomb no. 1).
12. Wife to her Husband (Tombs nos. 8, 18, 21, 41, 43, 49).
13. Husband to his Wife (Tombs nos. 14, 44, 58, 76).
14. Brother to his Brother (Tombs nos. 16, 60).
15. Grandson to his Grandfather (Tombs nos. 3, 39).
16. Grandson to his Grandmother (Tomb no. 2).
17. Nephew to his Uncle (Tomb no. 55).
18. Brother of the funerary estate or the ka servant to the tomb Owner (Tombs nos. 24, 31).

Usually one person (Tombs nos. 1–24, 26–31, 33–59, 61–78), rarely two persons (Tombs nos. 25, 32, 60) dedicated one element or more, for usually one person (Tombs nos. 1–8, 10–15, 17–23, 25, 27, 29–35, 37–41, 43, 45, 46, 48–51, 52–68, 70–76), sometimes for two persons (Tombs nos. 9, 23, 26, 36, 42, 44, 48, 52, 78), or for more than two (Tombs nos. 16, 28, 47, 69, 77), from the previous persons.

The first person or the dedicator was always alive, but the second person, or the one to whom the dedication was made, was usually dead or sometimes a living adult or, rarely, a child.

Context and construction of the dedication texts

 These texts usually included all or some of these elements:

1. Titles and name of the dedicator: These came at the beginning, middle or end of these texts. Sometimes it is introduced by the article in.
2. Titles and name of the one to whom the dedication was made: These titles and names came at the beginning, middle or end of these texts. Sometimes they wrote only the suffix pronoun to express this person. This pronoun is back to the owner of the element.
3. Dedication verb: ir/di is usually written in the past tense or t(w) in the passive form.
4. Dedicated element: nw/nn is a specific definition for this element in the ancient Egyptian language. Sometimes they did not refer to the dedicated element considering that writing the text on it is enough to express that.
5. Dedication time: This was made and dedicated to the person, usually when he/ she was buried, sometimes when he/ she is still alive as adult or child, other times years after burying him in memory of him.
6. Purpose of the dedicated element: Some of these texts mention that the person made and dedicated this tomb (Tomb no. 10) or offering table or basin (Tombs nos. 46, 68) to another person for placing offerings in, during the festivals and daily. Other texts (Tombs nos. 10, 17, 76) mention that the person made and dedicated this tomb or shaft to another person for his/her burial. Other texts mention the reason for the dedication is that the dedicator is fulfilling a promise made to the deceased when he was alive (Tomb no. 38).^47–57

Sometimes this dedication text was written in the form of autobiography using the expression .

¹ Kanawati and Woods, Artists in the Old Kingdom.

² Strudwick, Texts. 185–206, 239–250.

³ El Saket, Texts of Dedication, 11–12, 16–21, 64–65, 128, 134–135.

⁴ PM. III², 134; Junker, Gîza, I, 22–23, Abb. 51; Urk. I, 155 [4 (95)].

⁵ PM. III², 67.

⁶ PM. III², 197–199; Roveri, Sarcofagi Egizi, 119, tav. xxviii [1]; Dunham and Simpson, Mersyankh III, 21, 23, pl. xvii, fig. 14.

⁷ Fischer, Egyptian Studies I, Varia, 19-21, pl. iv [1]; Roquet, BIFAO 77, 119–127, fig. 1.

⁸ PM. III², 99; Fisher, Minor Cemetery, 143–145, pls.  48, 50 [6].

⁹ Saleh, MDAIK 30, 149–150, pl. 31.

¹⁰ PM. III², 447; Martin, Hetepka, 31, pl. 31 [72].

¹¹ PM. III², 683; Jequier, Monument funéraire, III, 55, fig. 55.

¹² PM. III², 698; Borchardt, Statuen, I, 130, Bl. 40.

¹³ PM. III², 729; Scott, BMMA 11, 116–118.

¹⁴ PM. III², 505; Borchardt, Statuen, I, 58.

¹⁵ PM. III², 482–484; Borchardt, Denkmäler, I, 84–91, Bls. 19, 20; Mariette, Mastabas, 200–201.

¹⁶ PM. III², 768; Borchardt, Denkmäler, I, 29.

¹⁷ PM. III², 744–745; Urk. I, 227 [S, B]; Strudwick, Administration, 106; Fischer, Varia Nova, 34, fig. 4.

The dedication texts are found in the Memphite necropolis and province cemeteries. They were more public in the Memphite necropolis than the provinces. They were found at Giza in five cemeteries: West Field, East Field, Central Field, Menkaure Cemetery, and South Field. These texts were found at Saqqara in three cemeteries: Step Pyramid Cemetery, Unas Cemetery, and South Saqqara. These texts were rarely existed in Dahshur. They were inscribed in the provinces at Tahna, El-Hawawish, El-Hagarsa, Kom el-Kaffer, and El-Qasr wa es-sayd.

These texts were inscribed on tomb’s main entrances, false doors and stelae, tomb’s walls, offering tables and basins, statues, and sarcophagi. When these texts were written on the entrances, false doors, offering tables, basins, statues or sarcophagi, it is usually the case that these elements only were dedicated. When they were written on the wall of the inner rooms and side wall of the main façade, usually the whole tomb was dedicated to the deceased.

These texts were found on the main entrance only in the Memphite cemetery. They were more proven in Giza than Saqqara. Inscribing these texts on the main entrance was found in Giza in the Fifth and Sixth Dynasties in the West Field, East Field, and Central Field and was discovered in Saqqara in the Fifth Dynasty north of the Step Pyramid. The entrance lintel was the preferred position for writing these texts. The entrance drum and wooden door panel were infrequently used to include these texts.

The inscriptions of dedication texts on the false door were discovered mainly in the Memphite cemetery and rarely in the provinces at Abydos. It is found mainly in Giza, Saqqara and rarely in Dahshur. It rarely began in the Fourth Dynasty and continued with an increase from the Fifth Dynasty until the late Old Kingdom.

The writing of these texts on the walls of tombs was rarely known in capital cemetery at Giza and Saqqara in the Fifth Dynasty and was more known in the province cemeteries at Tahna, El-Hawawish, El-Hagarsa, El-Qasr wa es-sayd, and Kom el-kaffar from the Fifth Dynasty until the late Old Kingdom.

The writing of these texts on the offering tables and basins was known only in capital cemetery in Giza, Saqqara, and Dahshur. It was infrequently found in the Fourth Dynasty and was expanded in use from the Fifth Dynasty until the late Old Kingdom.

These texts are rarely found on statues of the Fourth and Sixth Dynasties. They were more associated with statues of the Fifth Dynasty.

The dedication texts were rarely shown on the sarcophagus and they were only found in Giza and during the Fourth Dynasty.

These texts rarely appeared in the Fourth Dynasty in Giza and Saqqara. These texts continued in the Fifth Dynasty in Giza and Saqqara and appeared at Tahna. They continued in the Sixth Dynasty in Giza, rarely in Saqqara and appeared at El-Hawawish and El-Hagarsa. They continued in Late Old Kingdom in Giza, Saqqara, El-Hawawish, El-Qasr wa es-sayd, Kom el-kaffar and Abydos.

Elven different persons were identified as those making dedications and fourteen other persons were identified as those receiving the dedications. There are two relations between them, the family and work. These persons are:

1. Son to his father; this was the most common one.
2. Son to his mother
3. Son to his parents
4. Son to his ancestors
5. Son to his uncle
6. Son-in-law to mother-in-law
7. Daughter to her father
8. Daughter to her parents
9. Father to his son
10. Father to his daughter
11. Mother to her daughter
12. Wife to her husband
13. Husband to his wife
14. Brother to his brother
15. Grandson to his grandfather
16. Grandson to his grandmother
17. Nephew to his uncle
18. Brother of the funerary estate or the ka servant to the tomb owner

Usually one person, rarely two dedicated one element or more, for usually one person, sometimes for two persons, or for more than two. The first person or the dedicator was always alive, but the second person, or the one to whom the dedication was made, was usually dead or sometimes a living adult or, rarely, a child.

These texts usually included all or some of these elements: titles and name of the dedicator, titles and name of the one to whom the dedication was made, dedication verb, dedicated element, dedication time, and purpose of the dedicated element.

We would like to thank Dr. Arnulf Schlüter, Conservator / Dep. Director, Staatliches Museum, who sent us the photos of the statue of Imsu and his wife and we also thank Dawn Sedgwick, who reviewed and corrected the English of this article.

Author declares there are no conflicts of interests.

None.

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