Fathers are critical to understanding childhood obesity

doi:10.15406/ijfcm.2017.01.00010

International Journal of

eISSN: 2577-8269

Family & Community Medicine

Opinion Volume 1 Issue 2

Fathers are critical to understanding childhood obesity

Lorenzo N Hopper

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Department of Maternal and Child Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill?s, USA

Correspondence: Lorenzo N Hopper, Department of Maternal and Child Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill's, Gillings School of Global Public Health, USA, Tel 7044720158

Received: August 08, 2017 | Published: September 22, 2017

Citation: Hopper LN. Fathers are critical to understanding childhood obesity. Int J Fam Commun Med. 2017;1(2):41-42. DOI: 10.15406/ijfcm.2017.01.00010

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Abstract

Childhood obesity is a serious health issue in the United States (US) as it places children at higher risk for a range of chronic diseases and poor health outcomes CDC. After decades of rapid increases, (the percentage of children and adolescents aged 2-19 years who are obese in the US more than tripled (4.6 to 18.1 percent) from 1963 to 2007), the national childhood obesity rate has stabilized around 17 percent since 2007 CDC. The increasingly recognized role that the parents play has led to ample research on parenting practices and family factors that may decrease the prevalence of obesity among very young children Barlow. Although parents are recognized in this way, the influence of fathers is missing from the childhood obesity research literature.^1–5 Fathers offer unique experiences as caregivers and their contributions should not be overlooked. Understanding the relationship between father engagement and childhood obesity risk would make a significant public health contribution.

Keywords: childhood obesity, fathers engagement, opinion

Abbreviations

CDC, centers for disease control and prevention; FV, fruit and vegetable; UNC, university of north carolina at chapel hill

Introduction

Obesity is a critical health condition that has become increasing problematic worldwide. According to the National Institutes of Health (NIH), overweight and obesity is responsible for nearly 300,000 deaths each year resulting in the second leading cause of preventable death in the United States⁶ NIH, 1998. Furthermore, childhood obesity is of major public health concern due to approximately one in five of the nation’s youth suffering from obesity, as defined as a weight to height ratio, Body Mass Index, at or above the 95th percentile for age and sex.⁷ Further, obesity persists from childhood into adulthood^8,9 resulting in substantial individual, interpersonal and financial consequences. An exhaustive amount of literature highlights overweight and obesity as major causes of co-morbidities, including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, several cancers and other health problems, which can lead to further morbidity and mortality.¹⁰

Obesity is a multifaceted disorder that is affected by many modifiable and non-modifiable factors at various ecological levels.¹¹ Risk factors for childhood obesity range widely from the individual level to the interpersonal, environmental and societal levels.⁷ Diet and level of activity influence an individual’s risk for becoming obese, including the built environment or access to fresh fruits and vegetables and safe spaces to exercise and play.¹² Further investigation into the built environment lead to the home, which is a well-studied complex food environment.¹² Early childhood obesity not only compromises current health, but also predicts health-compromising outcomes later in life, which have serious public health implications. Emerging research is interested in the mechanisms by which improving early childhood health results in better long-term health.¹³ A better understanding of the primary determinants of early childhood obesity is important given that obese children are more likely to become obese adults, and therefore experience increased risk chronic illnesses such as diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular disease. There is ample support in the literature emphasizing the importance of fathers’ engagement and its impact on child development.^14,15

Drawing on an ecological framework and role modeling, fathers may influence child behavior through observational and social learning processes. Growing evidence on children with involved fathers demonstrates better cognitive and emotional outcomes Baker as well as higher economic and educational attainment.¹⁵ However, a major shortcoming in the study of father engagement is the lack of research geared towards exploring fathers’ engagement in health-related behaviors. Fatherhood is a multidimensional concept that has seen changes and growth in the ways in which we understand and operationalize the meanings.¹⁶ Often researchers use such terms as fatherhood, father involvement, and father engagement, interchangeably, even though they are referring to different constructs with varying definitions.¹⁷ Involvement implies doing to; in contrast, engagement implies doing with. Previous research conceptualized involvement through father engagement, accessibility, and responsibility; with engagement referring to the one-to-one interaction with the child.^17,18

The first dimension gathered from the literature highlights the financial responsibilities of the fathers; the second, drawn from developmental psychology, focuses on the direct interactions between fathers and children in the provision of care, play, supervision, etc.¹⁷ the third dimension of fatherhood from the literature explores the family climate by focusing on the relationship between mother and father. Because of the growing interest in fathers, a substantial amount of literature has surfaced to understand father-child relationships, paternal influences on children and families and the impact of father engagement on children and families. For example, Watterworth & colleagues¹⁹ explored how food preparation practices are associated with young children’s dietary intake in Canada. Findings suggested that both mothers’ and fathers’ engagement of children in meal preparation were associated with lower child nutrition risk and fathers’ modeling of healthy behaviors was associated with lower nutrition risk^19,20 using the same ECLS-B study sample found that fathers’ reports of eating out with their child was significantly and positively associated with children’s fast food and sweetened beverage consumption in a gradient manner and that physical interactions were not associated with weight status or fruit and vegetable consumption. These findings, however, only included fathers who lived with their children. This study will expand the work of Guerrero and colleagues to examine the associations of father-child feeding and physical interactions with dietary practices and weight status in children with resident fathers.²⁰ Conducted a systematic literature review of observational studies on family correlates of child adolescent f & v consumption and found positive relationships between parents’ and child f & v consumption. The study concluded that children vastly mirror the behaviors of their parents. Additionally, fathers’ health status will be assessed as children with obese fathers have a higher risk for unhealthy weight status.²¹

Efforts to explore father engagement have been met with numerous challenges.²² These challenges include, but are not limited to: defining engagement, measurement issues, sampling/representativeness issues, and same-informant bias. These challenges limit how the role of the father is conceptualized and measured. Allen, Barlow SE et al.^22,23highlight how further research and theory can build the father engagement literature by being attentive to these limitations. In conclusion, the role of the father has been long overlooked in childhood obesity research. Moving forward more emphasis should be placed on asking questions surrounding both parents together as well as both parents individually.^24–26

Acknowledgements

I would like to acknowledge the Maternal and Child Health Department at UNC’s Gillings School of Global Public Health for their continued support as a doctoral student. I would also like to thank Dr. Jon Hussey for his continued guidance and support.