Need for Improved Contrast Dyes to Prevent Life-Threating Consequences Using Non-Human Biological Substances

doi:10.15406/htij.2018.06.00144

eISSN: 2469-2778

Hematology & Transfusion International Journal

Mini Review Volume 6 Issue 1

Need for Improved Contrast Dyes to Prevent Life-Threating Consequences Using Non-Human Biological Substances

Prasad S Koka

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Haffkine Institute, Mumbai, India

Correspondence: Prasad S Koka, Haffkine Institute, Mumbai, India

Received: October 29, 2017 | Published: January 31, 2018

Citation: Koka PS. Need for improved contrast dyes to prevent life-threating consequences using non-human biological substances. Hematol Transfus Int J. 2018;6(1):17-18. DOI: 10.15406/htij.2018.06.00144

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Abstract

Despite the advancement of clinical techniques to detect lesions in different organs of the human body, yet considerable life-threatening risks are involved in the exogenous introduction of contrast dyes into blood circulation. This occurrence is more common in less developed countries where the clinicians and hospitals are ill-prepared to undertake the procedures or tackle emergency situations arising from the clinical conditions of the admitted patients.

Keywords: angiogram, CT-scan, radioactive IV, MRI, tomography, GVHD

Introduction

Development of improved contrast dyes^1–4 is of paramount importance and urgent need but seemingly grossly neglected either due to insufficient innovation or the lackadaisical attitude of making a “quick buck” by the medical industry to not invest at a rapid pace in the manufacture of next generation dyes, but bent upon efforts to market the existing materials.^5,6

A most common dangerous consequence of the emergency diagnostic procedures undertaken is organ damage particularly leading to kidney failure, if not immediately but eventually due to steady deterioration of the otherwise "normal” condition of the organ. Organ such as of kidney failure naturally prompts the intervention through dialysis with an expectation, if affordable and/or eventual availability of a matching donor, should the affected patient survive the ongoing ordeal until the transplant. Needless to state here is that the transplanted organ could be fraught with deleterious effects such as face a rejection by the recipient, or onset of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Reagent induced cardiac stress test is another example of the risk involved in the IV injection of a radioactive contrast dye for echocardiogram. Stroke (intracranial hemorrhage) is yet another dangerous side effect of the contrast dyes should their circulation in the brain adversely affect the blood flow particularly if it leads to formation of a blood clot, or sensitize that clot, or any benign or hitherto undetected tissue growth.⁷

Biological substances for contrast dyes

Why not use the biologically occurring fluorescence reagents such as the covalent peridinin-chlorophyll a-protein (PerCP), or the non-covalent lumazine/protein (LumP) for further development of safer contrast dyes than the existing ones?^8–10 In vivo antibody generation to these non-human biological substances will not cause any transient systemic complications due to autoimmunity. But then lumazine is a riboflavin precursor and hence does not fall under the category of substances foreign to humans.^11,12 Peridinin which is a carotenoid can actually be a potential functional antioxidant during the transient nature of the invasive procedure.^13,14 Both peridinin and chlorophyll-a, protect each other due to any detection-laser induced excited states, are may be even free radicals, quenching mediated by peridinin¹⁴ using the human systemic biological substances. As a result, chlorophyll a is expected to be intact in vivo during the invasive procedures, since the carotenoid, peridinin, can play the dual role of being a coincidentally present antioxidant as well as a protector of its neighboring/adjacent transiently co-introduced component, chlorophyll-a.^12–14

Certainly their sensitivity of detection can be improved through the replacement of necessary detection parts/components such as the lasers equipped with relevant filters, within the currently used medical instruments. The pros and cons of these non-human biological substances outweigh the development of metabolic disorders generated by the currently used synthetic contrast dyes. While the biological nature of the algae/plant or bacterial derived substances are favorable for their digestive nature, the quantity of the protein components could be small but rapidly metabolized during the detection procedures. However a saline mixed reagent IV flow into the blood circulation would off-set their metabolic degradation during the detection procedure and can thus maintain a steady-state level of these fluorescence detection reagents within the human body. Such replenishment of these biological substances for lesion detection sets-off a desirable race to prevent their loss due to their metabolic degradation. Development of procedure induced life-threatening complications to the patients could be greatly reduced with the exception of human (physician) errors if efforts are made to undertake further advancement of the lesion detection technologies in this suggested direction. Such an emitting light detection in vivo has been previously reported.¹⁵

Conclusion

Safer and undesirable life-threatening side effects could be achieved upon development of newer generation contrast dyes for intravenous injection procedures.