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Electrical & Electronic Technology Open Access Journal

Conceptual Paper Volume 2 Issue 4

Quasi-Z-Source DC-DC converter for fuel cell-battery power generation system

Hamid Radmanesh, Mahmoud Samkan

Electrical Engineering Department, Shahid Sattari Aeronautical University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran

Correspondence: Hamid Radmanesh, Electrical Engineering Department, Shahid Sattari Aeronautical University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran

Received: March 14, 2018 | Published: November 27, 2018

Citation: Radmanesh H, Samkan M, Kazemi M. Quasi-Z-Source DC-DC converter for fuel cell-battery power generation system. Electric Electron Tech Open Acc J. 2018;2(4):296-300. DOI: 10.15406/eetoaj.2018.02.00031

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Abstract

Due to optimization, economical issues and the current sharing in the fuel cell (FC) system, a battery or a super capacitor is also used along it which would require an additional adapter to connect the battery to the DC link; This paper presents a new topology and control method for fuel cell- battery system using the quasi-Z-source converter (qZSC). Additional adapter is omitted in proposed system. Also The battery State of charge, fuel cell power and the output voltage of the converter are controlled independently. This new method is evaluated by simulation using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.

Keywords: quasi-Z-source converter, fuel cell, battery, DC/DC

Introduction

Green energy and distributed generation play a key role against global warming and our main reachable sources are solar energy, fuel cell system and wind energy, and they are developing rapidly due to cost and availability.1 FCs are fascinating electrical sources that could be considered as the cleanest and most efficient energy sources.2 This system of energy production is largely used in electric vehicles3,4 and distributed generation (DG)5,6 despite of its benefits, due to its inherent features, special specification should be considered in design procedure. For example, for increasing efficiency and extending the lifetime, FC should be used in almost fixed and smooth situations and could not be used with the highly variable loads, so a power supply that has low time constant such as the battery or super capacitor is required, and also the current drawn from the FC should be continuous to avoid any damage to the FC stack. Figure 1 shows a typical FC-battery system.

Figure 1 Schematic of a FC-battery system.

Another important feature is the low voltage of FC stacks and this is one of the most challenging points in designing FC system, because a DC-DC converter is required for increasing the voltage level, whereas the input current of the converter is very high. There are usually two methods for increasing the voltage level, one is two-stage voltage rising which consists of a boost converter and an isolated converter, and the other way is using an isolated converter with a transformer with large turns ratio. Each of these ways has its specific benefits and disadvantages. In two-stage one, the complexity of control and large number of components and in one-stage method, high rate of leakage inductance and losses are undesirable.

An interesting solution for this application is voltage fed quasi-z-source dc-dc converter7 that its schematic view is shown in Figure 2. Z-source (ZSC) and quasi-z-source (qZSC)8,9 have found many applications in several fields, particularly for DC-AC, DC-DC and matrix conversion in last few years.10 qZSCs have some unique features such as: voltage buck and boost functions in a single-stage power conversion, inherent input filter, immunity against dc-link capacitor short circuit and dead time consideration for switching and continuous input current that is necessary for FCs. Also battery can be added to the system with no need for an extra interface adapter and it will increase the efficiency of the system.11 is an excellent example of discussed application.

Figure 2 Proposed FC-battery system.

The qZSC operates in two states:

  1. Active state (non-shoot-through), one switch in each leg is on and power is transferred to the load.
  2. Shoot-through (ST) state, all of switches are on and the inductive energy increases voltage of impedance network and in consequence, input voltage of the bridge.

Proposed system and configuration

System configuration: Configuration of the proposed system is shown in Figure 2 and it includes fuel cell (Vin), voltage-fed quasi-z-source impedance network, the battery, isolated booster full bridge, and the output filter. If characteristics of the high frequency isolated transformer are near ideal transformer, for simplicity of modeling and calculation, an equivalent circuit can be assumed like Figure 3.

Figure 3 Equivalent circuit for two states, (a) shoot-through state. (b) non-shoot-through state.

As it mentioned, there is two switching state, which would be explained as following:

1) shoot-through state occurs when all switches are on and dc-link gets short circuit; also the battery current (Ib) is outward and according to the equivalent circuit (Figure 3a), one can write:

{ L 1 d i L1 dt  =  v fc  +  v c2 L 2 d i L2 dt  =  v c1 C 1 d v c1 dt  =  i b   i L2 C 2 d v c2 dt =   i L1   MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqk0=Mr0xXdbba91rFfpec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFf ea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFHe9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0=vr 0=vqpWqaaeaabaGaciaacaqabeaadaqaaqaaaOqaaabaaaaaaaaape Waaiqaa8aabaqcLbsafaqabeabbaaaaOqaaGqacKqzGeWdbiaa=Xea juaGpaWaaSbaaSqaaKqzadWdbiaaigdaaSWdaeqaaOWdbmaalaaapa qaaKqzGeWdbiaa=rgacaWFPbqcfa4damaaBaaaleaajugWa8qacaWF mbGaaGymaaWcpaqabaaakeaajugib8qacaWFKbGaa8hDaaaacaWFGc Gaeyypa0Jaa8hOaiaa=zhak8aadaWgaaWcbaqcLbmapeGaa8Nzaiaa =ngaaSWdaeqaaKqzGeWdbiaa=bkacqGHRaWkcaWFGcGaa8NDaKqba+ aadaWgaaWcbaqcLbmapeGaa83yaiaaikdaaSWdaeqaaaGcbaqcLbsa peGaa8htaOWdamaaBaaaleaajugWa8qacaaIYaaal8aabeaak8qada WcaaWdaeaajugib8qacaWFKbGaa8xAaOWdamaaBaaaleaajugWa8qa caWFmbGaaGOmaaWcpaqabaaakeaajugib8qacaWFKbGaa8hDaaaaca WFGcGaeyypa0Jaa8hOaiaa=zhajuaGpaWaaSbaaSqaaKqzadWdbiaa =ngacaaIXaaal8aabeaaaOqaaKqzGeWdbiaa=neajuaGpaWaaSbaaS qaaKqzadWdbiaaigdaaSWdaeqaaOWdbmaalaaapaqaaKqzGeWdbiaa =rgacaWF2bqcfa4damaaBaaaleaajugWa8qacaWFJbGaaGymaaWcpa qabaaakeaajugib8qacaWFKbGaa8hDaaaacaWFGcGaeyypa0Jaa8hO aiaa=LgajuaGpaWaaSbaaSqaaKqzadWdbiaa=jgaaSWdaeqaaKqzGe WdbiabgkHiTiaa=bkacaWFPbGcpaWaaSbaaSqaaKqzadWdbiaa=Xea caaIYaaal8aabeaaaOqaaKqzGeWdbiaa=neajuaGpaWaaSbaaSqaaK qzadWdbiaaikdaaSWdaeqaaOWdbmaalaaapaqaaKqzGeWdbiaa=rga caWF2bqcfa4damaaBaaaleaajugWa8qacaWFJbGaaGOmaaWcpaqaba aakeaajugib8qacaWFKbGaa8hDaaaacqGH9aqpcaWFGcGaeyOeI0Ia a8hOaiaa=Lgak8aadaWgaaWcbaqcLbmapeGaa8htaiaaigdaaSWdae qaaKqzGeWdbiaa=bkaaaaakiaawUhaaaaa@9D0B@                                 (1)

2) non-shoot-through state occurs when just one switch in each leg from upper and lower switches are on, also Ipn represents the input current to the bridge and according to the equivalent circuit (Figure 3b), one can write:

{ L 1 d i L1 dt =  v fc    v c1 L 2 d i L2 dt  =   v c2 C 1 d v c1 dt  =  i L1    i pn + i b C 2 d v c2 dt  =  i L2    i pn   MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqk0=Mr0xXdbba91rFfpec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFf ea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFHe9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0=vr 0=vqpWqaaeaabaGaciaacaqabeaadaqaaqaaaOqaaabaaaaaaaaape Waaiqaa8aabaqcLbsafaqabeabbaaaaOqaaGqacKqzGeWdbiaa=Xea juaGpaWaaSbaaSqaaKqzadWdbiaaigdaaSWdaeqaaOWdbmaalaaapa qaaKqzGeWdbiaa=rgacaWFPbqcfa4damaaBaaaleaajugWa8qacaWF mbGaaGymaaWcpaqabaaakeaajugib8qacaWFKbGaa8hDaaaacqGH9a qpcaWFGcGaa8NDaOWdamaaBaaaleaajugWa8qacaWFMbGaa83yaaWc paqabaqcLbsapeGaa8hOaiabgkHiTiaa=bkacaWF2bqcfa4damaaBa aaleaajugWa8qacaWFJbGaaGymaaWcpaqabaaakeaajugib8qacaWF mbqcfa4damaaBaaaleaajugWa8qacaaIYaaal8aabeaak8qadaWcaa Wdaeaajugib8qacaWFKbGaa8xAaOWdamaaBaaaleaajugWa8qacaWF mbGaaGOmaaWcpaqabaaakeaajugib8qacaWFKbGaa8hDaaaacaWFGc Gaeyypa0Jaa8hOaiabgkHiTiaa=bkacaWF2bqcfa4damaaBaaaleaa jugWa8qacaWFJbGaaGOmaaWcpaqabaaakeaajugib8qacaWFdbqcfa 4damaaBaaaleaajugWa8qacaaIXaaal8aabeaak8qadaWcaaWdaeaa jugib8qacaWFKbGaa8NDaOWdamaaBaaaleaajugWa8qacaWFJbGaaG ymaaWcpaqabaaakeaajugib8qacaWFKbGaa8hDaaaacaWFGcGaeyyp a0Jaa8hOaiaa=LgajuaGpaWaaSbaaSqaaKqzadWdbiaa=XeacaaIXa aal8aabeaajugWa8qacaWFGcqcLbsacqGHsislcaWFGcGaa8xAaOWd amaaBaaaleaajugWa8qacaWFWbGaa8NBaaWcpaqabaqcLbsapeGaey 4kaSIaa8xAaKqba+aadaWgaaWcbaqcLbmapeGaa8NyaaWcpaqabaaa keaajugib8qacaWFdbqcfa4damaaBaaaleaajugWa8qacaaIYaaal8 aabeaak8qadaWcaaWdaeaajugib8qacaWFKbGaa8NDaKqba+aadaWg aaWcbaqcLbmapeGaa83yaiaaikdaaSWdaeqaaaGcbaqcLbsapeGaa8 hzaiaa=rhaaaGaa8hOaiabg2da9iaa=bkacaWFPbqcfa4damaaBaaa leaajugWa8qacaWFmbGaaGOmaaWcpaqabaqcLbsapeGaa8hOaiabgk HiTiaa=bkacaWFPbGcpaWaaSbaaSqaaKqzadWdbiaa=bhacaWFUbaa l8aabeaajugib8qacaWFGcaaaaGccaGL7baaaaa@AE8A@                           (2)

At the steady state, the average voltage of inductors in a period and also the average current of capacitors in a period will be zero, and considering these relationships one can write:

{ v c1  =  ( 1D ) v c2 D v c2 =  D v in 12D MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqk0=Mr0xXdbba91rFfpec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFf ea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFHe9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0=vr 0=vqpWqaaeaabaGaciaacaqabeaadaqaaqaaaOqaaabaaaaaaaaape Waaiqaa8aabaqcLbsafaqabeGabaaakeaaieGajugib8qacaWF2bqc fa4damaaBaaaleaajugWa8qacaWFJbGaaGymaiaa=bkaaSWdaeqaaK qzGeWdbiabg2da9iaa=bkakmaalaaapaqaa8qadaqadaWdaeaajugi b8qacaaIXaGaeyOeI0Iaa8hraaGccaGLOaGaayzkaaqcLbsacaWF2b qcfa4damaaBaaaleaajugWa8qacaWFJbGaaGOmaaWcpaqabaaakeaa jugib8qacaWFebaaaaGcpaqaaKqzGeWdbiaa=zhajuaGpaWaaSbaaS qaaKqzadWdbiaa=ngacaaIYaaal8aabeaajugib8qacqGH9aqpcaWF GcGcdaWcaaWdaeaajugib8qacaWFebGaa8NDaOWdamaaBaaaleaaju gWa8qacaWFPbGaa8NBaaWcpaqabaaakeaajugib8qacaaIXaGaeyOe I0IaaGOmaiaa=reaaaaaaaGccaGL7baaaaa@600E@                                    (3)

and also

{ i L2    i L1  =  i b v b  =  v c1 P FC    P Load  = P b MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqk0=Mr0xXdbba91rFfpec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFf ea0dXdd9vqaq=JfrVkFHe9pgea0dXdar=Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0=vr 0=vqpWqaaeaabaGaciaacaqabeaadaqaaqaaaOqaaabaaaaaaaaape Waaiqaa8aabaqcLbsafaqabeWabaaakeaaieGajugib8qacaWFPbqc fa4damaaBaaaleaajugWa8qacaWFmbGaaGOmaaWcpaqabaqcLbmape Gaa8hOaKqzGeGaeyOeI0Iaa8hOaiaa=Lgak8aadaWgaaWcbaqcLbma peGaa8htaiaaigdaaSWdaeqaaKqzGeWdbiaa=bkacqGH9aqpcaWFGc Gaa8xAaOWdamaaBaaaleaajugWa8qacaWFIbaal8aabeaaaOqaaKqz GeWdbiaa=zhak8aadaWgaaWcbaqcLbmapeGaa8NyaaWcpaqabaqcLb sapeGaa8hOaiabg2da9iaa=bkacaWF2bGcpaWaaSbaaSqaaKqzadWd biaa=ngacaaIXaaal8aabeaaaOqaaKqzGeWdbiaa=bfak8aadaWgaa WcbaqcLbmapeGaa8Nraiaa=neaaSWdaeqaaKqzGeWdbiaa=bkacqGH sislcaWFGcGaa8huaKqba+aadaWgaaWcbaqcLbmapeGaa8htaiaa=9 gacaWFHbGaa8hzaaWcpaqabaqcLbsapeGaa8hOaiabg2da9iaa=bfa juaGpaWaaSbaaSqaaKqzadWdbiaa=jgaaSWdaeqaaaaaaOWdbiaawU haaaaa@708F@                                    (4)

FC and battery characteristics

The voltage of the FC is a function of its current and the injected hydrogen and oxygen to it. Although this function is non-linear and complex, it can be approximated and considered as a voltage source (Ve) and an internal resistance (Rin), in which the terminal voltage is called Vin. For the efficient performance FC should be used just in a limited zone of voltage-current characteristic curve. Also the battery voltage is related to its current and the value of the state of charge. Also in many applications SOC level should be maintained in the certain area (e.g. 50% to 90%) and its current is limited to a maximum value, to avoid damaging the battery. In this project the typical model of the battery is used in MATLAB/SIMULINK software.

Description of the proposed system modes

To explore the control system, operating modes are studied first, which proposed system should be able to work properly in all of these modes and provide essential energy management strategies. These modes are as following:

  1. Medium power mode (Figure 4a): In this mode, FC can supply the load and in addition charge the battery in the case that SOC is low, however due to the large time constant of the FC, the battery should supply all fluctuations of load or absorb the extra energy.
  2. High-power mode (Figure 4b): Such as acceleration in electric vehicles, while the power is high, both of the battery and FC supply the load. In addition, FC output power and changes in its current should be remained in the permitted values. In this paper this action is done by controlling the terminal voltage of the FC.
  3. Low-power mode (Figure 4c): When the load power is very low, supplying energy by the FC is not economical. In this condition FC is turned off and the current of the circuit is bypassed by the applied diode and the load is provided by the battery.
  4. Returning energy mode (regenerating breaking) (Figure 4d): This mode is particularly for electric vehicle application, while mechanical energy is converted to the electrical energy and returns to the converter that should be absorbed by the battery.

Figure 4 Operation modes of a FC-battery system, (a) medium power. (b) high-power. (c) low-power. (d) returning energy.

Implementation of proposed control system

Figure 5 shows the control principle and switching pattern of the proposed system, that7 studied a similar method with block diagrams in details completely. In this method control of Da (active state) and Ds (ST state), is done separately in a way that control signal and its negative are compared with a triangle wave to determine the pulse width of each one. Triangular signals are with 90 degree phase difference. In addition, for increasing efficiency and reducing the losses which are due to high current ripple of L1 and L2, its limited the Ds value to at most 30%. In Figure 5, signals illustrate the method of creating Da, Ds, pulse width of Da and the transformer primary voltage, respectively.

Figure 5 Control principle and switching pattern of the proposed system.

As it mentioned previously, relation between Vfc and Vb is:

v b = ( 1 D s ) v fc 12 D s MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=x fr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaqcLbsacaWG2b WcdaWgaaqaaKqzadGaamOyaaWcbeaajugibiabg2da9Kqbaoaalaaa keaajuaGdaqadaGcbaqcLbsacaaIXaGaeyOeI0IaamiraSWaaSbaae aajugWaiaadohaaSqabaaakiaawIcacaGLPaaajugibiaadAhajuaG daWgaaWcbaqcLbmacaWGMbGaam4yaaWcbeaaaOqaaKqzGeGaaGymai abgkHiTiaaikdacaWGebWcdaWgaaqaaKqzadGaam4CaaWcbeaaaaaa aa@4F04@                                   (5)

When n is the transformer turns ratio, output voltage is

V out = n D a D s V fc 12 D s MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=x fr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaqcLbsacaWGwb qcfa4aaSbaaSqaaKqzadGaam4BaiaadwhacaWG0baaleqaaKqzGeGa eyypa0tcfa4aaSaaaOqaaKqzGeGaamOBaiaadseajuaGdaWgaaWcba qcLbmacaWGHbaaleqaaKqzGeGaamiraSWaaSbaaeaajugWaiaadoha aSqabaqcLbsacaWGwbqcfa4aaSbaaSqaaKqzadGaamOzaiaadogaaS qabaaakeaajugibiaaigdacqGHsislcaaIYaGaamiraKqbaoaaBaaa leaajugWaiaadohaaSqabaaaaaaa@5331@                    (6)

In addition to control the output voltage with Da, the FC voltage terminal (Vin) is controlled by Ds that its current will be controlled consequently. So the battery provides excess or shortage of the load current and the fuel cell remains in the most efficient and safe range.12,13 Figure 6 shows a schematic of the two parallel controllers.

Figure 6 Schematic of the two parallel controllers.

Simulation

Simulation is provided to evaluate the proposed system and Parameters in Table 1 are used in it. Also according to similar other papers, to have visible changes in SOC, the battery capacity is selected a low quantity; But it would not make any stain at the accuracy of the employed methods and the results are valid with all batteries.

Parameter

 Description

Value

L1,L2

inductance

500µH

C1,C2

capacitance

470µF

Cout

capacitance

40µF

L3

Filter

150µH

Vin

Input voltage

70V

Ve

Internal voltage

75V

Rin

Internal resistance

0.4ῼ

q

Battery capacity

0.01Ah

Vb

Battery nominal voltage

90V

vo

Output voltage

600V

n

Transformer turns ratio

10

R

Nominal Load

2800w

f

Frequency

10kHz

Table 1 The system parameters

Two scenarios is performed for checking the system as

Case 1: In this case the initial SOC of the battery is near 0.5, the input voltage is constant and only the load varies. According to Figure 7, the output power is fixed on 2800watts and at the two intervals that are indicated, it varies to 3800 and 800watts and then switches back to the 2800watts. The impact of these changes and results are depicted in Figure 7.

Figure 7 (a) Output power. (b) output voltage. (c) battery current. (d) SOC of the battery. (e) FC current.

Simulation results shows that the output voltage remains fixed and the load power is apportioned between FC and the battery, that in lack of the battery, tolerance of the delivered power by the FC would increase greatly, but in this system and control method FC power is smoothed. Also The SOC value of the battery is reduced while the load is increased, and it is increased while the load is decreased. So this control method operates quite desirable.

Case 2: The fuel cell also has a separate controller to adjust the hydrogen and oxygen flows to it that varies its voltage (Ve), in fact the current-voltage characteristic is changed. With this variable, the delivered power of the fuel cell could be changed and thereby the battery could be charged or discharged, which is essential, especially when the SOC value gets close to its boundary values (50-90%) that should be restrained to prevent any damages to the battery.

In this case the load power is constant on 3200 watts and only the internal voltage (Ve) is changing according to Figure 8a. The results are depicted in Figure 8. According to results, it is determined that the control system could well charge and discharge the battery when it is necessary.

Figure 8 (a) Internal voltage of FC. (b) output voltage. (c) battery current. (d) SOC of the battery. (e) FC current.

Conclusion

This paper presented a FC-battery system based on the qZSC and a control strategy has implemented for both power management and adjusting output voltage. Also the battery was connected to the qZSC with no extra converter. The battery shaves the output power changing effectively. Also charging and discharging the battery is possible in this system. The simulations proved the performance of this method eventually.

Acknowledgements

None.

Conflict of interest

The author declares there is no conflicts of interest.

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