Diversity of Ganoderma spp. and falls of urban trees in Brazil and Colombia

doi:10.15406/bij.2018.02.00060

eISSN: 2575-906X

Biodiversity International Journal

Mini Review Volume 2 Issue 2

Diversity of Ganoderma spp. and falls of urban trees in Brazil and Colombia

Ana Cristina Bolanõs Rojas,¹ Luci Quimio Okino Silva,² Adriana de Melo Gugliotta,² Vera Lucia Ramos Bononi³

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¹Universidad del Vale, Colombia
²Instituto de Botanica de São Paulo, Brazil
³University Anhanguera/Uniderp, Brazil

Correspondence: Vera Lucia Ramos Bononi, University Anhanguera/Uniderp, Instituto de Botanica de São Paulo, Brazil

Received: February 27, 2018 | Published: April 16, 2018

Citation: Rojas ACB, Silva LQO, Gugliotta AM, et al. Diversity of Ganoderma spp. and falls of urban trees in Brazil and Colombia. Biodiversity Int J. 2018;2(2):178-179. DOI: 10.15406/bij.2018.02.00060

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Keywords

urban trees, sound pollution, climate changes, wood-degrading fungi, environmental conditions, mushrooms

Introduction

Urban trees bring several benefits for the wellbeing of the population: for example, they regulate microclimate, provide shade, break the wind, decrease sound pollution, sequester and store carbon, and intercept rain water.^1-4 Constant variables directly interfere with the urban trees, such as water stress, lack of permeable area in the root collar and roots, inadequate pruning, roots cut, mechanical shocks, floods during the rainy season, attacks of insects (termites and beetles) and wood-degrading fungi. Climate changes have triggered more intense phenomena and in the rainy season storms and strong winds are frequent, causing an increase in the occurrences of trees falling because of rotten trunks due to fungi attacks and other xylophageous organisms.⁵

During 2016, up to November 16th, 2,907 trees fell, according to the System of Management of Critical Occurrences (SGOC – acronym in Portuguese) of the Municipal Department of Coordination of the Prefecture of São Paulo. Tree falls in densely-populated urban centers are a probable hazard for people, vehicles and properties. Ganoderma is a cosmopolitan mushroom genus with 60-80 lacquered species and 30-40 non-lacquered species.⁶ It is found in conifer and angiosperm groves in North America and Canada,⁷ in China and Europe.⁸ Species of the genus occur in eastern Africa,⁹ tropical Asia (Imazeki 1939), in Malaysia¹⁰ and in the Neotropics.^11-13 Ganoderma species in tropical regions are less well studied and phylogenetic studies have been published only in the last few years (Lima junior et al 2014).^14-21 The tropical regions probably are the origin of this genus once a large number of taxa have been described in the tropics. It is believed that there has been an irradiation from the equatorial regions toward other regions and that environmental condition determined a high biological diversity²² of these mushrooms.

Ryvarden L13,²³ described 20 lacquered species of Ganoderma for several regions of the Neotropics. For Brazil, lacquered and non-lacquered species have been mentioned, including species deemed restricted to Europe, such as G. lucidumand, G. applanatum.²⁴ In Colombia, the genus has been less studied; however, morphology-based studies mention the existence of G. australe, G. adspersum, G. amazonense, G. applanatum, G. brownie, G. chalceum, G. concinnum, G. fornicatum, G. lucidum, G.multiplicatum, G. nitidum and, G. neurosporum.^13,25,26 The proliferation of the Ganoderma species is due to pleomorphic characters dependent of environmental conditions and phase of development. Young Ganoderma Basidiomas that are actively growing generally have clearer and brighter colors than specimens several days or weeks old, exposed to repeated periods of rain or drought, covered with dust, attacked by insects or colonized by algae.⁶ The genus probably is one of the Polypores fungi groupthat is taxonomically more confusing; there are over 250 nomenclatural combinations published.²²

Conclusion

Recently the development of next-generation sequencing technologies has enabled sequencing complete genome of the species G. lucidum, G. meredithiaeand G. applanatum.^27,28 In two recent phD thesis,^29,30 eight Ganoderma species (G. australe (Fr.) Pat., G. gibbosum (Blume & T. Nees) Pat., G. multiplicatum(Mont.) Pat., G. orbiformum (Fr.) Ryvarden, G. parvulum complex, G. perzonatum Murrill, G. subamboinense (Henn.) Bazzalo & Wrigth and G. stipitatum (Murrill) Murrill have been identified infecting ten species of leguminous trees (Bauhinia purpurea L., Caesalpinia ferrea Mart. ex Tul., C. peltophoroides Benth, Cassia fistula L., Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit., Inga edulis Mart., I. vera Kunth, Phitecelobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth, Poincianella pluviosa (DC) L.P. Queirozand Tipuana tipo(Benth) Kuntze) in public streets in cities in tropical and sub-tropical regions, such as São Paulo (Figure 1) (Figure 2), Uberaba and Campo Grande in Brazil, and Cali in Colombia. These studies suggest clear susceptibility of leguminous trees to Ganoderma species but there is no fungus-host specificity. Further studies are needed to determine the risk of infected trees to fall down when the fungus is present.

Figure 1 (A) Tree forsuppression. (B) wound with intense decay. (C) Basidioma of Ganoderma sp. no boom. (D) Basidioma of Ganoderma sp. in the root.