Nowadays, the use of medicinal plants in the fight against malaria must be based on scientific results of safety and quality. However, reviews of the antiplasmodial activities of plants in West Africa in recent years are rare. This study analyzes scientific publications from 2010 to 2021 on plants traditionally used in antimalarial treatments in West Africa. A systematic search was carried out in the PubMed and google scholar databases using the following keywords: Malaria, Antiplasmodial activity, extract, medicinal plant, West Africa; for articles published from 2010 to 2021. These articles concern ethnobotanical studies, antiplasmodial tests, isolated molecules and toxicity tests. A total of 8 West African countries were explored and 54 papers from 2010 to 2021 were selected with 78 plants studied. Nigeria and Burkina Faso recorded more work with 28 and 7 papers respectively and studied more plants with 31, and 16 respectively. The most active extracts for in vitro tests are found in Nigeria with ethanolic extracts of Phyllanthus amarus and Ipomoea purpurea with respectively an Inhibitory Concentratin of 0.05 μg /mL and 0.06 μg / mL. The most active extract in vivo is found in Nigeria with the methanolic fraction of Parkia biglobosa with a 100% suppression rate at a dose of 100 mg/kg/Day. It is clear that the traditional West African pharmacopoeia is a potential source of effective phytomedicines for the management of malaria.

Keywords: malaria, antiplasmodial activity, extract, medicinal plant, West Africa

IC₅₀, concentration which inhibits 50% of the parasitaemia; Pb: Plasmodium berghei; Py, Plasmodium yoeli

Malaria caused by parasites of the Plasmodium species is a public health burden.¹ In 2020, the World Health Organization reported 241 million cases of malaria and 627,000 deaths worldwide, with a predominance in sub-Saharan Africa.² The West African sub-region accounts for 45% of the continent's population and malaria is endemic in 15 of the 17 countries covered by WHO. In Togo, in 2020 according to the report of the National Malaria Control Program (PNLP), 1,737,469 cases were recorded with 929 deaths, 69% of which were children under the age of 5.³ One of the best malaria control strategies recommended by the WHO is the early diagnosis of malaria cases followed by rapid and effective treatment, with Artemisinin-based Combination Therapies (ACTs) as the first line for cases. uncomplicated malaria and injectable artesunate for the treatment of severe malaria.⁴ Despite the beneficial impact of this strategy, the resistance of Plasmodium to these conventional antimalarials currently constitutes an obstacle to the elimination of malaria. Drug pressure has been identified as a key factor in the emergence of this resistance.⁵

This resistance has led to the replacement of chloroquine (CQ) with Artemisinin-based Combination Therapeutics.¹ Chloroquine introduced into the treatment of malaria, more than 50 years ago, was effective and the number of deaths has rapidly halved.⁶ In addition, it was available, easy to indicate because of low cost, and low toxic.⁶ However, it took only a few years to see the development of resistance, which appeared between 1957 and 1970 in Southeast Asia and Latin America, before spreading to Africa (where the greatest number of lethal forms are currently rife) and is now almost universally widespread.⁶ ACTs are likely to become ineffective in the coming years due to the uncontrolled use of Artemisia annua in the sub-Saharan African region for prevention of malaria.¹ The use of Artemisia annua for the prevention of malaria could be an important factor for the emergence of resistance to artemisinin-based therapies.¹

Faced with this phenomenon, the search for new antimalarials is urgently needed. The isolation of quinine and artemisinin from Cinchona species ledgeriana and Artemisia annua respectively and several other secondary metabolites with antiplasmodial properties validates medicinal plants as a potential source of drugs.⁷ Wouldn't there be endogenous resources capable of caring for malaria? Traditional African medicine uses many plants that can be a source of new drugs. It is therefore necessary to carry out scientific research to validate the use of these medicinal plants in the fight against malaria. Thus, in the West African region, many scientific researches are carried out on the medicinal plants listed among the populations and traditional health practitioners.⁸ Several recent reviews have focused on studies of plants used in Africa for the treatment of malaria.⁸ Others have shown the antiplasmodial activities of plants both in vitro and in vivo as well as their toxicities in Africa or in some of its countries or regions.^8,10,11 However, reviews analyzing work on the antiplasmodial activities of plants in West Africa over recent years are rare. Thus, the present study is an analysis of the various scientific publications from 2010 to 2021 on medicinal plants used in the treatment of malaria in West Africa.

A systematic search was carried out in the PubMed and google scholar databases using the following keywords: malaria; West Africa; antiplasmodial activity; medicinal plant; plant extract; for articles published from 2010 to 2021 and certain references of these articles. The articles selected relate to ethnobotanical studies, in vitro and/or in vivo antiplasmodial tests, molecules isolated from these plants and toxicity tests. Articles that did not specify extraction solvents, IC₅₀ for in vitro tests, and those that did not provide information on doses used and parasitemia suppression rates for in vivo tests are excluded from selection. Following WHO recommendations and previous scientific data in several antiplasmodial studies on plant extracts and pure compounds,¹² the antiplasmodial activity of extracts and pure compounds is classified as follows Table 1.

For in vivo testing the antimalarial activity of the extract East considered as very good when suppression of parasitaemia is ≥ 50% at 100 mg / kg body weight /day, good if reduction in parasitaemia is ≥ 50% at 250 mg/kg body weight /day, moderate if the reduction in parasitaemia is ≥ 50% at 500 mg/kg body weight/day Table 2.¹³

Statistical analyses

The data was analyzed with Graph Pad Prism software version 8.02 and Excel 2016 spreadsheet.

A total of 8 West African countries were explored and 54 articles from 2010 to 2021 were selected with 78 plants studied. These are Benign, Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal and Togo. Articles from other countries meeting our selection criteria in the searched databases were not found. Only 13 of the selected papers were published between 2017 and 2021.

Number of plants per country

This figure shows the number of plants studied by country.

Nigeria and Burkina Faso have carried out more work with 28 and 7 articles respectively and studied more plants with 31 and 16 respectively. Extracts from 37 plants out of 78 studied show good activity in vitro activity on Plasmodium strains in the laboratory with IC₅₀ of crude extracts < 5μg/mL (Table 3). Work from Nigeria, Burkina Faso and Ghana recorded the largest numbers of these plants with 10, 10 and 7 respectively. Ethanol extracts recorded the highest number of very active plants in vitro with 14 plants with IC₅₀ < 5 μg/mL Table 4.

The most active extracts are found in Nigeria with the ethanolic extract of Phyllanthus amarus with an IC₅₀ = 0.05 μg / mL and the ethanolic extract of Ipomoea purpurea with an IC₅₀ = 0.06 μg / mL.¹⁸ These extracts have a similar activity to that of Artemisia annua which has an IC₅₀ = 0.74 μg/mL.¹⁹ In vivo studies on laboratory animals were few: 26 out of 78 (Table 5). The extracts are in general administered by way oral or intraperitoneal on a murine model. The extracts have no show none toxicity in vivo. Plasmodium berghei strain was used in 25 studies while Plasmodium yoeli was reported that in a single study. Sixteen (16) of the 26 extracts tested present a good activity in vivo i.e. 61.54% of plants studied and among them, those from methanol and water distilled respectively have recorded more active plants with 5 plants each. The most active extract for in vivo testing is found in Nigeria with the methanolic fraction of Parkia biglobosa with a parasitaemia suppression rate of 100% at a dose of 100 mg/kg/day.³⁴

Plants with good activity in vivo

These plants have permit to isolate many active molecules and most of these most active compounds are alkaloids. In fact the alkaloids contain an atom nitrogen in the structure which makes them pharmacologically very active Table 4,5,6.^35,36

After investigation with of populations and traditional healers, the medicinal plants are then harvested and subjected to scientific evaluations in vitro or in vivo. The methods used for antiplasmodial tests are conventional methodologies such as continuous culture methods on Plasmodium falciparum bloodlines,⁶⁹ activity in vitro using radioisotopes methods⁷⁰ or microscopic methods and in vivo tests of plant extracts.⁷¹ Few articles concerning the antiplasmodial activities of medicinal plants in West Africa were published between 2017 and 2021. This would explain the scarcity of recent reviews, highlighting the antiplasmodial activities of medicinal plants in this sub-region. In this review the excerpts are considered very active in vitro for a value of IC₅₀ < 5μg / mL and in vivo when parasitemia is scaled down of 50% depending on the dose of the extract.

Work from Nigeria, Burkina Faso and Ghana recorded the highest numbers of active plants in vitro. These results reflect the existence of malaria research centers with an adequate technical platform in these countries, unlike other countries in the West African sub-region where financial resources allocated to research are limited.⁸ Most strains used are laboratory strains, conditions.which demonstrates the difficulty adaptation of field isolates to proliferation conditions in vitro . Polar solvents have been the most used although some nonpolar solvents have been used for the extraction of these plants. Since ethanol extracts have recorded the largest number of active plants in vitro, the choice of extraction solvent would therefore have an effect on the effectiveness of the extracts. So 47.44% of the plants present a good activity in vitro. Similar studies carried out between 1997 And 2007 by Soh et al. (2007) and between 2003 and 2015 by Agbodeka et al. (2017) show respectively 15 % and 28% of plants efficient.^72,8 According these authors, many reasons can be mentioned: Issue of reproducibility of there method traditional in laboratory , degradation possible of Or of the principles assets At course of extraction , efficiency dependent of the associations of plants , not action direct on THE parasite.⁸ The results obtained in this present study show an improvement in antiplasmodial tests during these latest years.

The most active extracts found in Nigeria have an activity similar to that of Artemisia annua which is a reference plant for the treatment of malaria.¹⁹ This confirms the attention in the research of new antimalarial molecules.

In vivo studies in laboratory animals have been few. In vivo tests are usually performed when in vitro tests show interesting results. It should be noted that some of the extracts have significant in vitro activity but there in vivo activity is low and vice versa.⁸ Similar studies carried out by Agbodeka et al. between 2003 and 2015 showed 7.53% of plants effective.⁸ In vivo tests on humans have summer rare due to problems ethics .

The present study is a synthesis of the effectiveness of medicinal plants used in the West African region for the treatment of malaria. These results confirm and reinforce the use of these plants in traditional medicine for the treatment of malaria. However, they are only data preliminaries which deserve further study for a better valuation of these plants. The combination of two or more of these plants could be an interesting avenue for the discovery of new, more efficient molecules. Medicinal plants are therefore a very serious alternative in the management of malaria, especially to solve the problem of resistance of Plasmodium to antimalarials.

We thank all those who have closely contributed or by far to the development of this review.

The authors state does not have none conflict of interest.

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