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eISSN: 2475-5494

Women's Health

Research Article Volume 8 Issue 1

Vitamin D deficiency among selected group of Sudanese housewives

Mohammed A Gafoor A Gadir,1 Mohammed Omer Mohammed Hussein,1 Mosab Nouraldein Mohammed Hamad2

1Department of obstetrics and gynecology and reproduction, Banoon center, Sudan
2Department of health Sciences, Elsheikh Abdallah Elbadri University, Sudan

Correspondence: Mosab Nouraldein Mohammed Hamad, Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Elsheikh Abdallah Elbadri University, Sudan

Received: January 25, 2019 | Published: February 21, 2019

Citation: Gadir MAGA, Hussein MOM, Hamad MNM. Vitamin D deficiency among selected group of Sudanese housewives. MOJ Womens Health.2019;8(1):103?105. DOI: 10.15406/mojwh.2019.08.00220

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Abstract

Justification: There is no published data about vitamin D deficiency among Sudanese women with fertility problems.

Objectives: To know the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency between the participants

Material and method: Clinical-based descriptive cross sectional study, 73 Sudanese housewives with infertility disorder and vitamin D level was measured to each participant.

Result: 49.3% of the participants were vitamin D deficient.

Discussion: The study observed that high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among the participants, although of their residence in sunny tropical country, vitamin D supplement may support the treatment of their infertility.

Conclusion: Further studies must be done with large sample size nationally and universal.

Keywords: vitamin D, deficiency, house wives, infertility, large, sample, country

Introduction

Vitamin D is produced from 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin via UV-B radiation from the sun. This is an inactive form of vitamin D and needs two enzymatic hydroxylation reactions before activation. These are 25-hydroxylation and 1-a-hydroxylation.1 As the initial reaction takes place principally in the liver with 25-hydroxylase, the second one occurs mainly in the kidneys with 1-a-hydroxylase (1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D3]).2 This structure of vitamin D has a high affinity for binding to vitamin D receptors (VDRs) in target tissue (2). Kidney 1-a-hydroxylase enzyme works under the control of sex hormones and endocrine factors.3

Vitamin D is a key regulator of calcium phosphorus homeostasis and bone health. Lately, a number of non classical target organs including reproductive ones have been defined for vitamin D. VDRs are present in a range of tissue such as the immune system, endocrine system, and reproductive system.3 VDRs are there in both the cytoplasm and nucleus of granulosa cells in ovaries.4 The existence of VDRs in female reproductive tissue proposes that vitamin D may have a role in female reproductive functions.

AMH is a gonadal-specific glycoprotein created in females by granulosa cells throughout follicle growth. As it does not alter much over the menstrual cycle and is created by growing ovarian follicles, AMH is a helpful predictive marker in assisted reproductive technology (ART). Although AMH is believed to be one of the best diagnostic markers for ovarian reserve, studies have revealed that environmental factors such as vitamin D deficiency may change AMH expression and serum levels.5–7In a study planning to find whether 1, 25(OH) 2D3 regulates AMH mRNA expression, a dose-related reduce was observed in AMH mRNA levels in granulosa cells following vitamin D treatment. Conversely, an increase was found in follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) mRNA expression levels and cell proliferation.6 In a further study assessing the effects of 1, 25(OH) 2D3 in ovarian follicular development, changes were detected in AMH signaling in granulosa cells treated with 1,25(OH)2D3. A reverse association was observed between 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH) D) levels in follicular fluid and AMH receptor-II (AMHR-II) mRNA gene expression. In females with inadequate 25(OH) D levels (25(OH) D < 30 ng/mL), a twofold raise in AMHR-II mRNA expression was detected.5 The authors established that it also reduced the effect of AMH by decreasing phosphor S mad 1/5/8 nuclear localization. Cure with vitamin D may contrast the effect of AMH on granulosa cells and encourage the maturation of the follicles by inhibiting the AMHR-II expression.5 AMH levels may be lesser by 18% throughout winter as compared to summer. Throughout this season, vitamin D levels are also rather low down.6 It is supposed that low vitamin D levels may influence ovarian reserve and induce premature menopause in predisposed females. Additional, patients with premature ovarian insufficiency should take supplemental calcium and vitamin D for best bone health. The manufacture of sex hormones is controlled by multiple enzymes. Current studies have revealed that vitamin D may affect the expression and activities of some of this enzymes.8

PCOS is amongst the most widespread endocrine diseases that affect females in reproductive age. PCOS is a state that includes oligo and/or ovulatory dysfunction and is distinguished by hyperandrogenism and polycystic ovarian morphology.9 The condition comprises numerous co-morbidities such as obesity, insulin resistance (IR), hyperinsulinemia, dyslipidemia, and ovulatory infertility.10 A few studies have recommended that vitamin D deficiency is more frequent among females with PCOS as compared to healthy individuals.11–13 Simultaneously, a meta-analysis establishes that vitamin D levels were not dissimilar between women with and without PCOS.14 Li et al.,14 establish lower vitamin D levels amongst females with PCOS.15 As an additional study revealed higher vitamin D levels between females with PCOS than in healthy individuals.16 There are an inadequate amount of studies documenting the uses of vitamin D supplementation for improving PCOS symptoms. Treatment with vitamin D is claimed to recover certain clinical and laboratory findings associated to PCOS such as menstrual frequency, follicular development, androgen levels, and IR.17,18

Primary dysmenorrhea is featured by the overproduction of prostaglandins in the uterus. The presence of VDRs in the uterus and the inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis by vitamin D may play a task in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea.19,20

Justification

There is no published data about vitamin D Deficiency among Sudanese women with fertility disorders women.

Objectives

To know the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency between the participants

Material and method

Study design

Clinical based-descriptive cross sectional study

Study area

Banoon Center of obstetrics and gynecology and assisted reproduction, Khartoum, Sudan

Study period

July to November, 2017

Study population

Sudanese housewives with infertility problems attended to Banoon center during the study period.

Sample size

73 Sudanese housewives with infertility disorder

Data collection

Well constructed questionnaire was formed and filled by each participant.

Ethical consideration

Each participant was informed about the goal of the study and each one was consent to be involved in it.

Statistical analysis

The percentage of vitamin D deficient was measure by the following equation:

Vitamin D deficient/ total of participants X 100

Results

49.3% of the participants were vitamin D deficient.

Discussion

Our result showed that high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among those women with fertility disorders, despite of their living in a sunny country and their direct exposure to the sun light , that means vitamin D supplement may provide them with sufficient vitamin D and that may solve partially or completely their fertility problems.

Conclusion

Extra studies must be done with large sample size nationally and worldwide.

Acknowledgements

None.

Conflict of interest

The author declares there are no conflicts of interest.

References

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  12. Mazloomi S, Sharifi F, Hajihosseini R, et al. Association between hypoadiponectinemia and low serum concentrations of calcium and vitamin D in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. ISRN Endocrinol. 2012;2012:949427.
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  17. Irani M, Minkoff H, Seifer DB, et al. Vitamin D increases serum levels of the soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products in women with PCOS. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99(5):E886–E890.
  18. Kumari KR, Hadalagi NM. Role of sunshine vitamin “D” sufficiency in male and female infertility. Int J Reprod Contracept Obstet Gynecol. 2015;4(2):305–311.
  19. Lasco A, Catalano A, Benvenga S. Improvement of primary dysmenorrhea caused by a single oral dose of vitamin D: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Arch Intern Med. 2012;172(4):366–367.
  20. Dawood MY. Primary dysmenorrhea: advances in pathogenesis and management. Obstet Gynecol. 2006;108(2):428–441.
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©2019 Gadir, et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and build upon your work non-commercially.

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