The vertical jump is a task performed in various sports modalities and is considered a lower limb power test, that may provide information about the efficacy of several training programs. Although of the various types of jumps, two have been more used: the Squat Jump and the Countermovement Jump. Kinematics and kinetics variables are presented to describe the Squat Jump and Countermovement Jump, however, little is known about which variables are intrinsic in vertical jump performance. Thus, this review has two objectives: 1- Identify the kinetic and kinematic variables of jump analysis and 2- Describe the intervening variables in VJ performance. For the search, the following terms were used “Vertical Jump and Kinetic”, “Vertical Jump and Kinematic”, and “Vertical Jump and Fatigue”. The search was performed between June and July of 2019. The articles of this review were searched in two online databases: PubMed (MEDLINE) and EBSCO (EBSCO Industries Inc.). After the analysis of titles, abstracts and papers, were chosen 70 articles for this review. Although necessary in various motor skills, the maximal force does not predict the vertical jump performance. In contrast, kinetic variables related to power may interfere to performance. For kinematic analysis, the peak angular velocity seems to differentiate performance levels. Few studies defined the predictor variables of this task. Therefore, we suggest the realization of studies with predictive statistics to identify the predict variables of vertical jump and adopting other biomechanical variables, such as the continuous relative phase and temporal and force characteristics during the eccentric and concentric jump phase.

Keywords: vertical jump, kinematic, kinetic, performance

The vertical jump (VJ) is characterized as a motor skill that involves all lower limb joints in various recreational activities, sports modalities, and training programs.¹ This task is considered a method of testing power and muscular performance in lower limbs.² Among several jump technique variations, two have been more commonly utilized due to their association with specific sports movements and easy familiarization: the Squat Jump (SJ) and the Countermovement Jump (CMJ).³

The SJ start position is characterized by knee flexion at approximately 90º, followed by a knee extension, with predominant participation of agonist muscles, as the SJ consists of only the concentric phase.⁴ In contrast, the CMJ start position is characterized by a standing position, followed by flexion (eccentric phase) and extension (concentric phase) of the knees and hips.⁵ The main characteristic of this jump is the transfer of elastic energy through the eccentric-concentric cycle and superior activation of muscle spindle that allows more height in the CMJ.⁶ To evaluate the coordination and intervenient factors related to VJ, kinetic and kinematic components have been used.

The peak force in the concentric phase and the force rate development have been indicated as determinant kinetic components for VJ performance.⁷ In contrast, Dowling and Vamos related that high peak forces, although necessary, are not enough to predict the VJ. The authors suggested the utilization of peak power to evaluate performance. Thus, there is still no consensus about which kinetic variables may contribute to VJ performance.

As with the kinetic components, the kinematic analysis in VJ is conditioned by several factors. The larger knee flexion might increase joint angular velocities⁸ and the contributions of the angles and joints to VJ performance can change according to the effort level.⁹ Furthermore, the variety of factors that influence performance may interfere in the knowledge of which variables are intrinsic to improve VJ performance. Thus, this review has two objectives: 1- Identify the kinetic and kinematic variables of jump analysis and 2- Describe the intervening variables in VJ performance. This review will provide information to researchers and sports professionals about the parameters for VJ performance analysis.

The articles of this review were searched in two online databases: PubMed (MEDLINE) and SportDiscus (EBSCO Industries Inc.). With the following terms: “Vertical Jump and Kinetic”, “Vertical Jump and Kinematic”, and “Vertical Jump and Fatigue”. The search was performed between June and July of 2019. Papers in Portuguese, English, and Spanish languages were accepted, published between 1989 and 2019. Papers that analyzed kinetic and kinematic variables of vertical jump performance, as the main objective, and the effects of these variables on fatigue conditions were chosen.

The review process was divided into three selection phases. The first phase consisted of paper title analysis. Papers with topics associated with the terms used in the database search were chosen. Descriptive and experimental research was accepted. Papers that presented the vertical jump analysis after any intervention training, rehabilitation, biomechanic models, review articles, case studies, studies with animals, and validations of VJ assessment methods were excluded. The second phase consisted of abstract reading. Papers were selected that presented kinetic or kinematic variables of VJ performance in the results. The third phase consisted of reading the papers chosen in phase two. In this phase, papers that presented kinetic and kinematic variables in the results and discussion were chosen and papers that did not present a clear explanation of methods, such as subject characteristics, type of jump, and description of instruments for quantification of variables analyzed were excluded. Figure 1 presents the flow chart of the review process.

Figure 1 Review of article selection process.

A high diversity of analyzed parameters was presented, characterizing a lack of consensus on variables to use for vertical jump performance analysis. Table 1 presents the summary of articles analyzed.

CMJ kinetic analysis

Ground reaction force: According to Bermudez G¹⁰ the maximal GRF cannot be considered a predictor of jump performance with fatigue. Moreover, despite the GRF being greater in men compared to women, when normalized by body weight, this variable was not correlated with jump performance^11,12 also verified that only 24% of data variance was explained by force variables, while 54% was explained by temporal variables. Thereafter, CMJ performance does not depend exclusively on maximal GRF.

Force rate development: The force rate development (FRD) is defined by the average slope of the force-time curve, and is an important component for power production.^4,7 also suggest that this rate could be a good indicator of jump performance. In contrast, the FRD was not sensitive to discriminate the CMJ between different populations.¹³ In addition, Dowling and Vamos verified that the FRD did not explain jump height, as the subjects with low FRD reached higher force, but with worse jump performance. In fact¹⁴ claimed that the FRD depends on the type and velocity of contraction. Thus, the relation between FRD and jump height performance is not clear.

Torque: In the vertical jump, the torque is calculated by inverse dynamics^15–17 found that improvement in hip joint torque is responsible for the higher height reached in maximal jumps compared to submaximal jumps. Verified¹⁸ an improvement in hip joint torque when jumps were performed with countermovement and arm swing. Therefore, it is suggested that torque is an important variable in the description of rotational force used by muscles over the joints in different vertical jump strategies.

Impulse: The impulse is represented by the force-time function and may be analyzed in the eccentric phase (negative impulse) and in the concentric phase (positive impulse) jump.^19,20 According to Dowling JJ⁶ the rate between the negative impulse and positive impulse has a correlation with vertical jump height. Therefore, it is suggested that more than force, the application force time and jump phase duration are important for this variable.²⁰ demonstrated that higher impulse in the concentric phase resulted in higher CMJ height. Ferragut C²¹ that the concentric impulse may explain 77% of jump height variation. Thus, the impulse is an important kinetic variable for vertical jump analysis.

Power: Identified⁶ the kinetic and temporal factors related to CMJ performance in 97 adults. According to the authors, higher peak forces are necessary, but not enough to improve performance, and only the peak power may be considered as a predictor variable. The peak power is an indicator of how effective the energy transferred between the segments is in the movement performance. In fact, according to Markovic S²² the peak power may be the best variable to analyze the muscle power in the jump and presents a good relation with performance when compared to mean power values. González Badillo J²³ that CMJ performance was related to peak power during the concentric phase in athletes. Therefore, it is suggested that power, to evolve force and velocity characteristics, is one of the kinetic variables that most influences vertical jump performance.

CMJ kinematic analysis

Angular position: The description of joint angles is important information for jump kinematic analysis. In this review, data were found on shoulder, trunk, hip, knee, and ankle joint angles.^18,14 These measures provide information about the movements performed in these joints in different types of jumps (SJ and CMJ), squat depth, arm swing, and other relative joint positions.^25,26

Angular velocity: The angular velocity is measured by the derivative of joint angular position divided by time^26,27 verified that the hip, knee, and ankle angular velocities were superior in subjects that presented higher ankle dorsiflexion, proving that the movement range influences velocity development. However, an immature jump technique and higher activation of antagonist muscles are factors that reduce the angular velocity. Gheller^26,28 demonstrated that volleyball and basketball players generate higher angular velocities in jumps with large squat depth, due to the greater trajectory for application of force and acceleration. Thereafter, it is suggested that angular velocity, despite involving several other factors, may explain different levels of jump performance.

Take-off velocity: Another variable that may influence jump performance is the take-off velocity Rubio-Arias²⁹ In addition to verifying differences between types of jumps and populations, this variable also provides information on the influence of arm swing in the movement. Shetty and Etnyre³⁰ found higher take-off velocity in vertical jumps with arm swing compared to jumps with movement restriction. According to Lees³¹ a series of events that begins at the start of the movement, but only manifests itself at the end of the jump, influence the larger take-off velocity. In the arm swing condition, the trunk leans forward more, and consequently, extends earlier and faster, allowing more power and work generation. Thus, it is suggested that arm swing has great influence on this variable.

Continuous relative phase (CRP): The CRP is determined by the derivative in the domain of the position-velocity phase between two sine wave oscillators and may be used to analyze cyclic and acyclic action Gheller²⁷ analyzed that the CRP of the thigh-trunk relation was higher in the squat position with the knees flexed at less than 90°, when compared to different positions (preferred and higher than 90°) in the CMJ. Thus, it was suggested that the motor control prioritizes the thigh-trunk coordination in generation of angular movements important for CM displacement. Tomioka³² verified that independent of muscle force, jump performance may be lower if there is alteration in knee-hip coordination. Despite these two studies, there are still few studies that have evaluated this variable regarding jump performance. However, it is suggested that this variable is important to jump coordinative analysis.

Other factors involved in vertical jump performance: Based on the presented studies, a schematic figure was proposed to try to represent the factors involved in a vertical jump (Figure 2). It was demonstrated that the kinetic and kinematic variables are influenced by factors, such as: squat depth, type of jump, and fatigue.

Figure 2 Factors involved in vertical jump performance.

Type of jump: The SJ and CMJ are the most commonly used jumps in vertical jump analysis. Coh³³ verified that the vertical velocity was 9.5% higher when the jump had two movement phases (eccentric and concentric). The differences between the CMJ and SJ may be explained by the higher muscle active state during the propulsion phase, allowing the hip extensors to generate more force and work during the CMJ concentric phase Bobbert & Casius³⁴ Dal Pupo³⁵ besides explaining that the existence of countermovement favors the pre-active state contraction, suggest that in the SJ, the neural recruitment exerts greater influence on performance. Finally, according to Mackala³⁶ while in the SJ the concentric force works only against the body mass, in the CMJ this force works additionally against the inertial forces, possessing higher muscle activity and reutilization of elastic energy.

Squat depth: The squat depth may influence performance in SJ and CMJ Sánchez-Sixto, Harrison³⁷

Sánchez-Sixto, López-álvarez³⁸ this occurs mainly due to the change in joint position, resulting in differences in the muscle contraction process. Gheller²⁷ verified that CMJ performance is better when the knee flexion was smaller than 90°. Furthermore, smaller peak force was found in conditions with more depth, due to the greater trajectory to be travelled in the jump. Mandic³⁹ found that the increase in squat depth is related to the decrease in GRF and maximal power, and there is an “optimal” squat depth to increase jump height. Salles⁹ reported that the depth was inversely correlated to GRF. Furthermore, it was claimed that jumps with higher squat depth are not always advantageous in sports practice, due to the higher time necessary to perform the task. Thus, differences in performance according to the chosen position are suggested.

Fatigue: Fatigue may be understood as the incapacity of a muscle or muscular group to sustain a certain force level Bigland-Ritchie & Woods⁴⁰ Bermudez and Fabrica¹⁰ reported that fatigue caused a decrease in force, impulse, concentric phase duration, and jump height in athletes. A possible explanation for this decrease in performance is the reduction in the stretch reflex sensitivity, induced by muscle damage after the fatigue activity. Some studies, however, showed maintenance of jump height even after application of high training load, as in volleyball and basketball players Freitas⁴¹ Woolstenhulme⁴² Furthermore, the force reduction caused by lower limb fatigue was not proportional to decreases in jump height, as the jump does not depend exclusively on force, but also on velocity production Smilios⁴³ and movement control Andre L F Rodacki⁴⁴ Even in a fatigue state, the muscle activation pattern continued in the proximal-distal sequence during the jump Rodacki⁴⁵ suggesting a stereotypical muscle activity pattern even in fatigue conditions Rodacki⁴⁵ Therefore, there is not a consensus about the use of jump height as a sensitive variable in fatigue.

To evaluate lower limb power, the vertical jump may provide information about the efficacy of several training programs and other interventions applied with the objective of improving performance. In this review, kinematic and kinetic variables involved in vertical jump performance were presented. It is suggested that the variables of power may contribute to vertical jump performance analysis. For kinematic analysis, the peak angular velocity seems to differentiate performance levels. In the literature, little is found about the predictor variables for performance of this task. Therefore, we suggest the realization of studies with predictive statistics and adopting other biomechanical variables, such as the continuous relative phase and temporal and force characteristics during the eccentric and concentric jump phases.

None.

The author declares that there is no conflict of interest.

None.

1. Arakawa H, Nagano A, Hay D C. The Effects of Ankle Restriction on the multijoint Coordination of Vertical Jumping. Journal of Applied Biomechanics. 2013;29(4):468–473.
2. Gutiérrez dávila M, Garrido J M, Amaro F J. Contribución segmentaria en los saltos con contramovimiento en vertical y en horizontal. Revista Internacional de Ciencias Del Deporte. 2014;38:289–394.
3. Maulder PS, Bradshaw EJ, Keogh J. Jump kinetic determinants of sprint acceleration performance from starting blocks in male sprinters. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 2006;5(2):359–366.
4. Dal Pupo J, Detanico D, Santos S. Parâmetros cinéticos determinantes do desempenho nos saltos verticais. Revista Brasileira de Cineantropometria e Desempenho Humano. 2012;14(1):41–51.
5. Gheller R G, Dal Pupo J, Lima L. Effect of squat depth on performance and biomechanical parameters of countermovement vertical jump. Revista Brasileira de Cineantropometria e Desempenho Humano. 2014;16(6):658.
6. Dowling JJ, Vamos L. Identification of Kinetic and Temporal Factors Related to Vertical jump Performance. Journal of Applied Biomechanics. 1993;9(2):95–110.
7. MacKenzie SJ, Lavers RJ, Wallace BB. A biomechanical comparison of the vertical jump, power clean, and jump squat. Journal of Sports Sciences. 2014;32(16):1576–1585.
8. Mandic R, Jakovljevic S, Jaric S. Effects of countermovement depth on kinematic and kinetic patterns of maximum vertical jumps. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology. 2015;25(2):265–272.
9. Salles AS, Baltzopoulos V, Rittweger J. Differential effects of countermovement magnitude and volitional effort on vertical jumping. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2011;111(3):441–448.
10. Bermudez G, Fábrica G. Determinant factors of efficiency when the Counter Movement Jump is performed in acute fatigue. Revista Brasileira de Cineantropometria e Desempenho Humano. 2014;16(3):316–324.
11. Yamauchi J, Ishiim K. Relations between force-velocity characteristics of the knee-hip extension movement and vertical jump performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2007;21(3):703­–709.
12. Laffaye G, Wagner P, Tombleson T. Countermovement jump height: gender and sport-specific differences in the force-time variables. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2014;28(4):1096–1105.
13. Lees A, Vanrenterghem J, De Clercq D. Understanding how an arm swing enhances performance in the vertical jump. Journal of Biomechanics. 2004;37(12):1929–1940.
14. Corvino RB, Caputo F, de Oliveira A C. Taxa de desenvolvimento de força em diferentes velocidades de contrações musculares. Revista Brasileira de Medicina Do Esporte. 2009;15(6):428–431.
15. Feltner ME, Bishop EJ, Perez CM. Segmental and Kinetic Contributions in Vertical Jumps Performed With and Without an Arm Swing. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport. 2004;75(3):216–230.
16. Hara M, Shibayama A, Takeshita D. The effect of arm swing on lower extremities in vertical jumping. Journal of Biomechanics. 2006;39(13):2503–2511.
17. Lees A, Vanrenterghem J, Dirk DEC. T h e maximal and subwiaximal vertical j u m p : implications for strength and conditioning. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2004;18(4):787–791.
18. Hara M, Shibayama A, Takeshita D. A comparison of the mechanical effect of arm swing and countermovement on the lower extremities in vertical jumping. Human Movement Science. 2008;27(4):636–648.
19. Gómez JML, Elvira JLL. Relevancia de la técnica de inmovilización de brazos en las variables cinéticas en el test de salto con contramovimiento. Ciencia CDD. 2012;7(21):173–178.
20. Ugrinowitsch C, Tricoli V, Rodacki ALF, et al. Influence of training background on jumping height. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2007;21(3):848–852.
21. Ferragut C, Cortadellas J, Arteaga R. Prediccion de la altura de salto vertical. Importancia del impulso mecánico y de la masa muscular de las extremidades inferiores. Revista Motricidad, 2003;10:7–22.
22. Markovic S, Mirkov D M, Nedeljkovic A. Body size and countermovement depth confound relationship between muscle power output and jumping performance. Human Movement Science. 2014;33:203–210.
23. González Badillo J, Marques MC. Relationship between kinematic factors and countermovement jump height in trained track and field athletes. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2010;24(10):3443–3447.
24. Jaric S, Ristanovic D, Corcos DM. The relationship between muscle kinetic parameters and kinematic variables in a complex movement. European Journal of Applied Physiology & Occupational Physiology. 1989;59(5):370–376.
25. Blache Y, Monteil K. Influence of lumbar spine extension on vertical jump height during maximal squat jumping. Journal of Sports Sciences. 2014;32(7):642–651.
26. Papaiakovou G. Kinematic and kinetic differences in the execution of vertical jumps between people with good and poor ankle joint dorsiflexion. Journal of Sports Sciences. 2013;31(16):1789–1796.
27. Gheller RG, Dal Pupo J, Ache dias J. Effect of different knee starting angles on intersegmental coordination and performance in vertical jumps. Human Movement Science. 2015;42:71–80.
28. Lazaridis SN, Bassa EI, Patikas D. Biomechanical Comparison in Different Jumping Tasks Between Untrained Boys and Men. Pediatric Exercise Science. 2013;25(1):101–113.
29. Rubio-Arias JA, Ramos-Campo DJ, Amaro JP, et al. Gender variability in electromyographic activity , in vivo behaviour of the human gastrocnemius and mechanical capacity during the take-off phase of a countermovement jump. Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging, 2016;37(6):741–749.
30. Shetty AB, Etnyre BR. Contribution of Arm Movement to the Force Components of a Maximum Vertical Jump. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy. 1989;11(5):5–8.
31. Lees A, Vanrenterghem J, De Clercq D. The energetics and benefit of an arm swing in submaximal and maximal vertical jump performance. Journal of Sports Sciences. 2006;24(1):51–57.
32. Tomioka M, Owings TM, Grabiner MD.Lower Extremity Strength and Coordination are Independent Contributors to MaximumVertical Jump Height. Journal of Applied Biomechanics. 2001;17:181–187.
33. Coh M, Bracic M, Peharec S. Byodinamic characteristics of vertical drop jumps. Acta Kinesiologiae Universitatis Tartuensis. 2011;17:24–36.
34. Bobbert MF, Casius LJR. Is the Effect of a Countermovement on Jump Height due to Active State Development? Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2005;37(3):440–446.
35. Dal Pupo J, Dias J A, Gheller R G. Stiffness, intralimb coordination, and joint modulation during a continuous vertical jump test. Sports Biomechanics. 2013;12(3):259–271.
36. Mackala K, Stodólka J, Siemienski A. Biomechanical analysis of Squat Jump and Countermovement Jump from varying starting positions. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2013;27(10):2650–2661.
37. Sánchez-Sixto A, Harrison AJ, Floría P. Larger Countermovement Increases the Jump Height of Countermovement Jump. Sports, 2018;6(4):131.
38. Sánchez-Sixto A, López-álvarez J, Floría P. Efecto de modificar la profundidad y velocidad del contramovimiento durante el salto vertical. Retos. 2018;34:287–290.
39. Mandic R, Knezevic O M, Mirkov D M. Control Strategy of Maximum Vertical Jumps : the Preferred Countermovement Depth May Not Be Fully Optimized for Jump Height. Journal of Human Kinetics. 2016;52:85–94.
40. Bigland Ritchie B, Woods JJ. Changes in muscle contractile properties and neural control during human muscular fatigue. Muscle & Nerve. 1984;7(9):691–699.
41. Freitas VH, Nakamura FY, Miloski B. Sensitivity of Physiological and Psychological Markers to Training Load Intensification in Volleyball Players. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine. 2014;13(3):571–579.
42. Woolstenhulme MT, Bailey BK, Allsen PE. Vertical jump, anaerobic power, and shooting accuracy are not altered 6 hours after strength training in collegiate women basketball players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2004;18(3):422–425.
43. Smilios I. Effects of Varying Levels of Muscular Fatigue on Vertical Jump Performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 1998;12(3):204–208.
44. Rodacki ALF, Fowler NE, Bennett SJ. Multi-segment coordination : fatigue effects. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2001;33(7):1157–1167.
45. Rodacki ALF, Fowler NE, Bennett SJ. Vertical jump coordination: fatigue effects. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2002;34(1):105–116.
46. Rodano R, Squadrone R. Stability of Selected Lower Limb Joint Kinetic Parameters During Vertical Jump. Journal of Applied Biomechanics. 2002;18(1):83–89.
47. Bracic M, Supej M, Peharec S. An investigation of the influence of bilateral deficit on the counter-movement jump performance in elite sprinters. Kinesiologia Slovenica. 2010;42(1):73–81.
48. Feltner ME, Fraschetti D, Crisp R. Upper extremity augmentation of lower extremity kinetics during countermovement vertical jumps. Journal of Sports Sciences. 1999;17(6):449–466.
49. Feltner ME, MacRae P G. Time course of changes in novice jumpers’ countermovement vertical jump performance. Perceptual and Motor Skills. 2011;112(1):228–242.
50. Domire ZJ, Challis JH. The influence of squat depth on maximal vertical jump performance. Journal of Sports Sciences. 2007;25(2):193–200.
51. Kopper B, Ureczky D, Tihanyi J. Trunk position influences joint activation pattern and physical performance during vertical jumping. Acta Physiologica Hungarica. 2012;99(2):194–205.
52. Struzik A, Zawadzki J. Leg stiffness during phases of countermovement and take-off in vertical jump. Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics. 2013;15(2):113–118.
53. Vanrenterghem J, Lees A, Lenoir M, et al. Performing the vertical jump: movement adaptations for submaximal jumping. Human Movement Science. 2004;22(6):713–727.
54. Anderson FC, Pandy MG. Storage and utilization of elastic strain energy during jumping. Journal of Biomechanics. 1993;26(12):1413–1427.
55. Moran K, Wallace ES. Eccentric loading and range of knee joint motion effects on performance enhancement in vertical jumping. Human Movement Science. 2007;26(6):824–840.
56. Moir GL, Garcia A, Dwyer GB. Intersession Reliability of Kinematic and Kinetic Variables During Vertical Jumps in Men and Women. International Journal of Sports Physiology & Performance. 2009;4(3):317–330.
57. Bobbert MF, Richard Casius LJ, Kistemaker D. Humans make near-optimal adjustments of control to initial body configuration in vertical squat jumping. Neuroscience. 2013;237:232–242.
58. Loturco I, D Angelo R, Fernandes V. Relationship between sprint ability and loaded/unloaded jump tests in elite sprinters. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2015;29(3):758–764.
59. McLellan CP, Lovell DI, Gass GC. The role of rate of force development on vertical jump performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2011;25(2):379–385.
60. Floría P, Harrison AJ. Ground reaction force differences in the countermovement jump in girls with different levels of performance. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport. 2013;84(3):329–335.
61. San Román-Quintana J, Calleja González J, Castellano-Paulis J, et al. Análisis de la capacidad de salto antes, durante y después de la competición en jugadores internacionales junior de baloncesto. Revista Internacional de Ciencias Del Deporte. 2010;6(21):311–321.
62. Schmitz RJ, Cone JC, Copple TJ. Lower-Extremity Biomechanics and Maintenance of Vertical-Jump Height During Prolonged Intermittent Exercise. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation. 2014;23(4):319–329.
63. Skurvydas A, Jascaninas J, Zachovajevas P. Changes in height of jump, maximal voluntary contraction force and low-frequency fatigue after 100 intermittent or continuous jumps with maximal intensity. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica. 2000;169:55–62.
64. Houghton L, Dawson B. Recovery of jump performance after a simulated cricket batting innings. Journal of Sports Sciences. 2012;30(10):1069–1072.
65. Horita T, Komi P, Nicol C. Stretch shortening cycle fatigue : interactions among joint stiffness , reflex , and muscle mechanical performance in the drop jump. European Journal of Applied Physiology & Occupational Physiology. 1996;73(5):393–403.
66. Gorostiaga E M, Asiáin X, Izquierdo M. Vertical jump performance and blood ammonia and lactate levels during typical training sessions in elite 400-m runners. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2010;24(4):1138–1149.
67. Barker LA, Harry JR, Mercer JA. Relationships between Countermovement Jump Ground Reaction Forces and Jump Height, Reactive Strength Index, and Jump Time. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2018;32(1):248–254.
68. Boullosa D, Abreu L, Conceição F. The influence of training background on different rate of force calculations during countermovement jump. Kinesiology. 2018; 50(1):1–7.
69. Floría P, Gómez Landero LA, Suárez Arrones L. Kinetic and kinematic analysis for assessing the differences in counter-movement jump performance in Rugby players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2016;30(9):2533–2539.
70. Gathercole RJ, Sporer BC, Stellingwerff T. Comparison of the Capacity of Different Jump and Sprint Field Tests to Detect Neuromuscular Fatigue. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2015;29(9):2522–2531.
71. Lesinski M, Prieske O, Demps M, Effects of fatigue and surface instability on neuromuscular performance during jumping. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 2015;26(10):1140–1150.
72. Nibali ML, Tombleson T, Brady P H. Influence of familiarization and competitive level on the reliability of countermovement vertical jump kinetic and kinematic variables. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2015;29(10):2827–2835.
73. Rousanoglou E N, Noutsos K, Pappas A. Alterations of Vertical Jump Mechanics after a Half-Marathon Mountain Run- ning Race. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine. 2016;15(2):277–286.
74. Vaverka F, Jandacka D, Zahradnik D, et al. Effect of an Arm Swing on Countermovement Vertical Jump Performance in Elite Volleyball Players. Journal of Human Kinetics. 2016;53:41–50.
75. Watkins CM, Barillas SR, Wong MA, et al. Determination of Vertical Jump as a Measure of Neuromuscular Readiness and Fatigue. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2017;31(12):3305–3310.
76. Williams SJ, Barron TR, Ciepley AJ, et al. Kinetic Analysis of the Role of Upper Extremity Segmental Inertia on Vertical Jump Performance. Journal of Exercise Physiology Online. 2017;20(2):28–34.