1. Home
  2. MOJSM
  3. Development in exercise science performances drugs a typical scenario
Submit manuscript...
MOJ
eISSN: 2574-9935

Sports Medicine

Proceeding Volume 1 Issue 2

Development in exercise science-performances-drugs: a typical scenario

Rajasekhar Kali Venkata

Director of Physical Education and sports, University of Hyderabad, India

Correspondence: Rajasekhar Kali Venkata, Director of Physical Education and sports, University of Hyderabad, India

Received: May 13, 2017 | Published: May 29, 2017

Citation: Venkata RK. Development in exercise science-performances-drugs: a typical scenario. MOJ Sports Med. 2017;1(2):21-22. DOI: 10.15406/mojsm.2017.01.00006

Download PDF

Proceeding

Genetics and Performance (Figure 1)

Active functions have allowed humans to specialize in specific processes based on relative use and activity (Evolution).

Exercise endocrinology frontiers- possible areas of super performances and areas of doping

Figure 1 Genetics and Performance.
  1. Postponement of fatigue (both anaerobic and aerobic) 1
  2. Deriving higher strength and power
  3. Pain tolerance

Postponement of fatigue: what science says about elite athletes? (Figure 2 & 3)


Figure 2 & 3 Postponement of fatigue: what science says about elite athletes?

What is essential biologically for endurance?

Phosphagens reserves

Erythropoietin quality (EPO) :Hypoxia inducible factor genes (HIF)

Muscle and liver glycogen

Sufficient angiogenesis: VEGF gene

Lactate transporters

Mitochondrial enzymes (CPT, Co-enzyme Q10): peroxisome proliferators-activated receptors α (PPAR genes), Nuclear respiratory factor gene etc.

Bi-carbonate Buffer system

 

What is essential biologically for strength and power??

  1. Muscle fiber quality, more specifically the quality of actin and myosin filaments (ACTN3 gene)2-4
  2. Phosphagen system enzymes (creatine kinase isoenzyme gene)
  3. Muscle tendon collagen type (COL1A1gene)
  4.  Anabolic hormones like GH, Testo etc..
  5. Neuro-plasticity for higher output stimulation

What is needed for pain tolerance???

  1. BDNF signaling system for better endorphins and enkephalins (BDNF gene)5
  2. Larger neuronal pain gateways

What exercise endocrinology says? (Figure 4)

Figure 4: What exercise endocrinology says?

Genetically endowed races

West African Race

East African Race

Nigeria, Niger, Ghana etc and migrated from there to Jamaica etc.

Ethiopia, Kenya, Eritrea etc and migrated from there to other places

Sprinter genes

Endurance running genes

Kalenjin tribe of Kenya

Gene doping

By inserting gene or factor of gene promoter

  1. Frequently used or abundantly used form6
  2. Inserting myokines or cytokine substances to magnify gene activity
  3. Directly consuming the chemical factors that are responsible for activation(Allegation on Mo farah)

Some protocols are there to detect.

By suppressing the gene or deleting the gene

  1. Difficult to detect7
  2. But very dangerous for health leading to cancer etc.
  3. Example Testo/Epitesto ratio in excretion (UGT2B17 gene absence)

Case of Kalenjin runners of Kenya

  1. It is identified that these are genetically endowed (all means: physiologically and physically too)8
  2. All these years produced more than forty world record holders in running.
  3. Suddenly they are blamed of doping, especially of EPO factor which is genetic to them.

Scandals of doping

  1. BALCO Scandal
  2. Russian doping scandal
  3. Kenya money scandal

Take home message

We need to take serious note of the connection of dirty triad (money, politics and drugs) and try to give respect to true sportspersons than respecting those who are world beaters with drug tainted history.

Acknowledgements

None.

Conflict of interest

Author declares there is no conflict of interest in publishing the article.

References

  1. Byunghum So, Hee Jae Kim, Jinsoo Kim, et al. Exercise induced myokines in health and metabolic diseases. Integrative Medicine Research. 2014;3(4):172−179.
  2. Catoire M, Mensink M, Kalkhoven E, et al. Identification of Human exercise induced myokines using secretome analysis. Physiol Genomics. 2014;46(7):256−267.
  3. Chiba K, Tsuchiya M, Koide M, et al. Involvement of IL-1 in the maintenance of masseter muscle activity and glucose homeostasis. PLoS One. 2015;10(11):e0143635.
  4. Brandt C, Pedersen BK. The role of exercise induced myokines in muscle homeostasis and the defense against chronic diseases. J Biomed Biotechnol. 2010;520258.
  5. Jorgensen SB, Wojtaszewski JF, Viollet B, et al. Effects of alpha-AMPK knockout on exercise-induced gene activation in mouse skeletal muscle. FASEB J. 2005;19(9):1146−1148.
  6. Leick L, Fentz J, Bienso RS, et al. PGC-1 {alpha} is required for AICAR-induced expression of GLUT 4 and mitochondrial proteins in mouse skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2010;299(3):E456−E465.
  7. Lizuka K, Machida T, Hirafuji M Skeletal Muscle is an endocrine organ. J Pharmacol Sci. 2014;125(2):125−131.
  8. Chen N, Li Q, Liu J, et al. Irisin, an exercise-induced myokine as a metabolic regulator: an updated narrative review. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2016;32(1):51−59.
Creative Commons Attribution License

©2017 Venkata. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and build upon your work non-commercially.

Citations

Journal Menu

Useful Links