ESAT-6: A Perfect Warfare or A Weak Link in Armor

doi:10.15406/moji.2017.05.00147

MOJ

eISSN: 2373-4442

Immunology

Editorial Volume 5 Issue 1

ESAT-6: A Perfect Warfare or A Weak Link in Armor

Sachin KumarSamuchiwal

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Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, USA

Correspondence: Sachin Kumar Samuchiwal, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

Received: January 01, 1971 | Published: January 31, 2017

Citation: Samuchiwal SK (2017) ESAT-6: A Perfect Warfare or A Weak Link in Armor. MOJ Immunol 5(1): 00147. DOI: 10.15406/moji.2017.05.00147

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Keywords

tuberculosis, bcg, m.tb virulence, esat–6, immune response, ifn–γ, tb, tnf–α

Abbreviations

TB: Tuberculosis; rBCG: recombinant BCG; RD1: Region Of Difference 1; TNFR1: TNF–α Receptor1; SOD: Superoxide Dismutase; ICA: Immunocytochemical Assays

Editorial

Tuberculosis (TB) an ancient dreaded disease remains second leading cause of death from an infectious disease worldwide. One third of global population is latently infected with TB and it kills millions each year.¹ To make the matter worse, currently available vaccine BCG provides limited protection against pulmonary TB in adults. BCG induces effective Th1 response, but fails to induce Th17 response in the lung, a factor mostly responsible for the substandard efficacy of BCG.² Considerable efforts are being made to generate recombinant BCG (rBCG) but with little headway. Causative agent of TB Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) is remarkably skillful in eluding host defense and modulating immune response for its own benefits. An interesting approach for combating TB is to target M.tb virulence factors.³ One such key protein is ESAT–6, encoded by region of difference 1 (RD1), the region absent from BCG and most attenuated mycobacterial strains.^4,5

Role of ESAT–6 in M.tb virulence has been highlighted in this editorial. ESAT–6 possesses membrane lytic activity due to its helix–turn–helix structure and hydrophobic nature, an attribute that helps M.tb escape phagolysosome, cell– to–cell spread and dissemination. ESAT–6 can alter host defense by decreasing MHC–II expression on macrophages, granuloma formation and decreasing ROS production to aid in intramacrophagial M.tb survival.⁶ ESAT–6 or CFP–10/ESAT–6 complex is also known to attenuate host innate immune response by inhibiting production of IL–12, TNF–α, and apoptosis inhibition in M.tb infected macrophages to achieve greater vial load and cell–cell spread.^7,8 ESAT–6 is also supposed to bind to T–cell surface and belittles T–cell immunity by inhibiting T–cell proliferation and activation.⁹ As we know the production of the proinflammatory cytokine TNF–α is critical for controlling M.tb infection as it induces apoptosis via TNF–α receptor1 (TNFR1) signaling. Therefore ESAT–6 and CFP–10/ESAT–6 complex inhibit apoptosis of infected cells by decreasing TNF–α production to attain bacterial buildup and dissemination. There is a large body of literature suggesting that M.tb virulence and modulation of host defense in an intricate communication of M.tb and host proteins, and targeting these interactions can offer a pivotal tool in fight against TB. ESAT–6 has been gaining more and more popularity over the time as one such candidate to be targeted for antitubercular therapeutics development.

Widespread efforts are being made to improve current BCG vaccine or to develop new TB vaccines. An in trend approach is to develop efficacious vaccines by combining ESAT–6 with other M.tb virulence determining proteins. Several rBCG strains have been created that express ESAT–6 fusion proteins along with other M.tb proteins like Ag85B, Rv3620c, TNF– and Rv2608, complement RD1, or combine ESAT–6 with Antigen 85 family and superoxide dismutase (SOD), interestingly these new rBCG vaccines demonstrate a strong T–cell response and high expression of Th1 cytokines in experimental animals.^10,11 Even chimeric DNA vaccines are also underway and one such example is developed by combining ESAT–6 gene from M.tb and kinesin motor domain gene of Leishmania donovani, which resulted in robust IFN–γ and IL–2 production in mice. While another nanoparticle based chimeric DNA vaccine contains Ag85A, ESAT–6 and IL–21 construct.¹¹ On another front, an strong ESAT–6 binding peptide when expressed in H37Rv strains, it disintegrates bacterial cell wall and inhibits extracellular as well as intracellular mycobacterial growth by inducing both Th1 and Th17 host protective responses.² A significant number of adenoviral and subunit vaccines are also exploiting the importance of ESAT–6 in M.tb virulence. A subunit vaccine based on a fusion protein between Ag85B and ESAT–6 has shown efficient long–term memory immunity induction that is highly protective against TB.¹¹ Ongoing work on numerous ESAT–6 amalgamated TB vaccines, may lay the foundation for developing new and realistic alternative vaccines to BCG in the near future.

As ESAT–6 has already established itself as a crucial protein during the havoc raised by M.tb in host system, it also confers strong antigenic properties that lead to various responses useful for M.tb diagnosis. It is known that human effector memory T–cells produce large amounts of IFN–γ in response to ESAT–6, and not so long ago 2 ex vivo IFN–γ release assays (IGRAs) were developed that utilize this response to diagnose latent and active tuberculosis infection.¹² A number of poly–proteins have been developed that comprises ESAT–6/RD1 proteins in addition to other M.tb proteins and indirect ELISA assays based on these constructs have shown higher sensitivity and specificity for serodiagnosis of TB. One such study uses recombinant proteins ESAT6, CFP10, Ag85B and Hsp16.3 alone or in combination to diagnose active and latent TB infections.¹³ There are also aptamer–based methods for ESAT–6 and CFP–10 detection in human patient samples for diagnosis of pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB. In addition, immunocytochemical assays (ICA) that detect ESAT–6 and CFP–10 are reported to be less expensive and more effective TB tests, which could be useful in high TB burden third world countries. Both ESAT–6 and CFP–10 proteins, used as recombinant antigens, overlapping synthetic peptides or single immunodominant peptides, have repeatedly proven to be useful in the specific diagnosis of active and latent TB and monitoring the efficacy of chemotherapy against TB using (IGRAs).

The RD1 coded ESAT–6; almost unique to virulent mycobacterial strains is a crucial protein in M.tb infection and dissemination due to its structure, physicochemical properties and ability to module host immune response in favor of the pathogen. Interestingly on the flip side ESAT–6 provides a multifaceted target protein that is ideal for vaccine and diagnostics development. As efforts towards development of new strategies for combating TB is underway on global scale, ESAT–6/RD1 might prove to be a chink in the armor of M.tb, hopefully leading to eventual eradication of this ancient dreaded scourge.