Nipah virus: an update

doi:10.15406/mojddt.2018.02.00049

MOJ

eISSN: 2575-9094

Drug Design Development & Therapy

Review Article Volume 2 Issue 4

Nipah virus: an update

Vrish Dhwaj Ashwlayan,

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Saurabh Nimesh

Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Meerut Institute of Engineering and Technology, India

Correspondence: Vrish Dhwaj Ashwlayan, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Meerut Institute of Engineering and Technology, NH-58 Baghpat Crossing Bypass Road, India, Tel 91-9412493228

Received: June 29, 2018 | Published: July 26, 2018

Citation: Ashwlayan VD, Nimesh S. Nipah virus: an update. MOJ Drug Des Develop Ther. 2018;2(4):211-214. DOI: 10.15406/mojddt.2018.02.00049

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Abstract

On May 19, 2018; first Nipah Virus (NiV) outbreak was reported from Kozhikode district of Kerala and Mallapuram district of South India. There is high risk of NiV outbreak to individual as well as community. NiV is classed across the world as a bio‒safety level (BSL)‒4 hazards. Emerging zoonotic risk grade‒4 (RG‒4): Hendra and Nipah viruses cause severe and often lethal respiratory illness (encephalitis particularly in sows, boars and human) and have public impact on human health [fever, aches, tiredness, chills & nervous signs (twitching, trembling, muscle fasciculation, spasms, muscle weak spot, convulsions and death)]. Zoonotic diseases transfer to human being from animals. NiV can infect a huge variety of species. Transmission of NiV from human being to human being has been observed. They are associated with high risk (group‒4) of life‒threatening disease in human and/or animals. Treatment is restrained to supportive care. Because NiV encephalitis can be transmitted from one person to another person, standard infection control practices and proper barrier nursing techniques are important to prevent nosocomial transmission infections. For handling RG‒4 Nipah virus, there is a requirement for a laboratory with extensive BSL‒4 high level containment that includes practices (BSL‒3 plus controlled access); safety equipment’s (Biological Safety Cabinet, full‒body air‒supplied, positive pressure and personnel suit) and facilities (BSL‒3 plus dedicated air and exhaust, decontamination procedures for exit, separate building) Biological safety cabinets use high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters in their exhaust and/or supply systems. A Power Air Purifying Respirator (PAPR) or tight‒fitting goggles and N‒95 respirator should be worn for high‒risk aerosol‒generating procedures. The therapeutic use of a neutralizing human monoclonal antibody targeting the Nipah G glycoprotein has experimentally been evaluated in the post‒exposure therapy in the ferret model and found to be of benefit. Additional efforts focused on surveillance and awareness will assist save future outbreaks.

Keywords: henipavirus, hazards, pteropus bats, pigs, encephalitis, fatalities, bsl‒4, bats

Abbreviations

BSL, bio‒safety level; ELISA, enzyme‒linked immunosorbent assay; HEPA, high efficiency particulate air; ICMR, international council of medical research; NiV, nipah virus; PAPR, power air purifying respirator; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; RG‒4, risk group‒4; RT‒PCR, reverse transcription‒polymerase chain reaction

Introduction

Microorganisms that commonly cause lethal human, animal and plant diseases that can promptly be transmitted from one individual to another, directly or indirectly are considered in risk group‒4. NiV in Malaysia emerged a deadly disease of respiratory infections and neurologic diseases in commercially farmed pigs, prognostically after virus spill over from Malaysian flying foxes in 1998. Infection of NiV has not been detected in Malaysia or Singapore after 1999. From, 2001 to 2013 several Nipah outbreaks were reported in people of Bangladesh’ districts. There have been 17 mortalities and 18 morbidities up to 01 June 2018. This was the first NiV outbreak in Kozhikode and Mallapuram districts in South India.^1‒4 However, annual cases of Nipah encephalitis (inflammation of meninges), sporadic outbreaks in human being with morbidity and mortality were recorded in India and in Bangladesh as per Table 1.^5‒8

Month /year	Place	Cases	Deaths
INDIA
Jan–Feb 2001	Siliguri	66	45
Apr‒07	Nadia	5	5
May‒June 2018	Kerala	18	17
BANGLADESH
Apr–May 2001	Meherpur	13	9
Jan‒03	Naogaon	12	8
Jan‒04	Rajbari	31	23
Apr‒04	Faridpur	36	27
Jan–Mar 2005	Tangail	12	11
Jan–Feb 2007	Thakurgaon	7	3
Mar‒07	Kushtia, Pabna, Natore	8	5
Apr‒07	Naogaon	3	1
Feb‒08	Manikgonj	4	4
Apr‒08	Rajbari and Faridpur	7	5
Jan‒09	Gaibandha, Rangpur and Nilphamari	3	0
Feb–Mar 2010	Faridpur, Rajbari,Gopalganj,Madaripur	16	14
Jan–Feb 2011	Lalmohirhat, Dinajpur, Comilla, Nilphamari and Rangpur	44	40
Feb‒12	Joypurhat, Rajshahi, Natore, Rajbari and Gopalganj	12	10
Jan–Feb 2013	Gaibandha, Natore, Rajshahi, Naogaon, Rajbari, Pabna, Jhenaidah, Mymensingh	12	10

Table 1 Morbidity and mortality in human due to nipah virus

According to the United States based Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the signs of NiV infection are encephalitis and respiratory infection especially in sows and boars. The incubation period may vary from 04 to 14 days but can be prolonged up to 45 to 60 days.⁹

Clinical signs

Encephalitis and respiratory (twitching, trembling, muscle fasciculation, spasms, muscle weak spot, convulsions & death) are predominant in nerve of human beings Figure 1. Human beings, bats, sheep and domestic pets (pigs, dogs & horses) are susceptible to NiV infection. But the observation could not be further confirmed.¹⁰ There is threat to the life of human being,¹¹ and experimental animals such as ferret, guinea‒pig & hamster and in suckling mouse due to NiV,^12,13 RG‒4 virus. Henipa virus and Nipah virus genus of Paramyxoviridae family, risk group 4 (RG‒4) hazard may lead to a viral zoonotic disease which is transmitted to human being through infected fruit, animals or via near touch with infected human being Figure 2. Safety equipment’s: 4 or 3 level biological safety cabinet. The construction of class III biological safety cabinet available in India provides utmost personnel and environmental protection against infectious aerosols and new drug derived from biotechnology‒pharmacy invention. Full‒body air‒supplied {power air purifying respirator (PAPR) and N‒95 respirator} or, gas‒tight construction; Positive pressure: high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters in exhaust and/or supply systems. Personnel suit: tight‒fitting goggles and N‒95 respirator.^14‒17 There are two bio‒safety level‒3 (BSL‒3) facilities for Microbiology laboratory and one for the animal experimentation in National JALMA Institute for Leprosy & other Micro‒bacterial Diseases under ICMR Tajganj, Agra. There are four laboratories with BSL‒4 facilities Table 2 in which the virus may be studied safely without a risk of escaping and possibility of infecting a greater number of people Figure 3.¹⁸

S. No.	Name	Location
1	High Security Animal Disease Laboratory	Bhopal Madhya Pradesh, India
2	Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology	Hyderabad, Telangana, India
3	Microbial Containment Complex	Pune, Maharashtra, India
4	Instituto Nazionale per Le Malattie Infettive	Rome, Lazio, Italy

Table 2 List of BSL‒4 facilities

Figure 1The graphical representation in morbidity and mortality rate in india.

Figure 2The graphical representation in morbidity and mortality rate in bangladesh.

Figure 3Signs in patient suffering from NiV infection.

Treatment

There are presently neither anti‒viral drugs nor vaccines available to deal with NiV infection for human beings or animals. The primary treatment for human cases is intensive prophylaxes. Because NiV encephalitis may be transmitted one person to another, standard infection control practices and proper barrier nursing techniques are important to prevent hospital‒acquired infections. Prophylactic treatment of the infection with ribavirin, anti‒viral drug is effective against the virus’s in‒vitro, but usefulness of ribavirin remains clinically uncertain. The Nipah G glycoprotein was targeted with neutralizing human monoclonal antibody in the post‒exposure therapy in the experimental ferret model and was found to be therapeutically effective Figure 4.¹⁹

Figure 4Transmission of nipah virus.

Prevention

Exposure to sick pigs and bats and drinking of raw date palm sap should be avoided to control endemic infection caused by NiV Figure 5.

Figure 5Lay‒out of BSL‒3 laboratory.

Conclusion

According to World Organization for Animal Health, Nipah virus is a noticeable disease of international importance. Most risk grade‒4 (RG‒4) infectious hazard leads to life threatening disease in human being. NiV infection most RG‒4 produced progressive serious or lethal human disease excessive infection which affects the central apprehensive and respiration structures. A PAPR or tight‒fitting goggles and N‒95 respirator should be kept in hand to avoid high‒risk contaminated fine air droplets in respiratory infections in human beings. Scientific characteristics of NiV infection in Bangladesh, consisting of a severe breathing problem, seem distinct from scientific characteristics mentioned during advance outbreaks in other nations. Most countries in the South‒East Asia vicinity do not have adequate facilities to diagnose and control the virus. Therapeutic interventions are not usually available. There is need for further research to understand aetiology, ecology of the disease within reproductive cycles of bats & transmission, clinical signs and symptoms of NiV infection.²⁰