Overview in the management of persistent cough in paediatric practice

doi:10.15406/mojcrr.2018.01.00024

MOJ

eISSN: 2641-9297

Current Research & Reviews

Research Article Volume 1 Issue 4

Overview in the management of persistent cough in paediatric practice

Paramesh H,¹

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Rashmi C Paramesh²

¹Department of Pediatric Pulmonologist, Lakeside Centre for Health Promotion / Lakeside Education Trust, India
²Department of Physician, Lakeside Centre for Health Promotion / Lakeside Education Trust, India

Correspondence: Paramesh H, Department of Pediatric Pulmonologist, Environmentalist, Lakeside Centre for Health Promotion / Lakeside Education Trust, Bangalore, India

Received: May 28, 2018 | Published: July 6, 2018

Citation: Paramesh H, Paramesh RC. Overview in the management of persistent cough in paediatric practice. MOJ Curr Res & Rev. 2018;1(4):154-157. DOI: 10.15406/mojcrr.2018.01.00024

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Abstract

Persistent (Chronic) cough is a major psychosocial economic health burden showing increased prevalence in the past18 years from 8% to 21.25% between 1999 to 2017.1–3 We aimed at highlighting the burden on society and effecting the quality of life. We prepared recommendations based on expert opinion using few parameters like

When do we consider cough is persistent (Chronic)
What is the burden on child, family and society.
How to evaluate the child with Chronic cough
When to submit the child for investigations.
What are the common causes for persistent cough.
Does children need cough suppressants while awaiting for the diagnosis.

We kept social determinants, public education and cost containment in mind while preparing the recommendations.¹

Keywords: chronic cough, cough medicines, environment cough, allergic cough

Introduction

Cough is a protective reflex reaction to mechanical, inflammatory or chemical irritation of respiratory tract and a social signal as well. Cough receptors also present in nose, paranasal sinuses external ear, parental plural, oesophagus, stomach, diaphragm, and pericardium. Normally one can expect cough 10-11 episode per day and it can range up to 34 times. Most of them are dry cough which does not disturb sleep. After a bout of viral upper respiratory infection (URI) the cough receptors are hypersensitive for 21 days where innocuous stimulus can trigger cough which reaches its peak in 10days and later reducing to baseline by 21 days where only noxious stimuli will trigger cough.¹

When do we call persistent cough?

The classification of cough as persistent (Chronic) is based on duration of symptoms and varies in different countries, between 2 weeks to 8 weeks. For example it is 8 weeks for British thoracic society, 4 weeks for American College of Chest physicians, Australia and New Zealand, 3 weeks in Belgium, 2 weeks for American academy of allergy asthma and immunology, Indian academy of paediatrics, Paediatric association of India and Nation tuberculosis association India. We considered any cough more than 2 weeks duration as persistent (Chronic Cough).

What is the burden of Persistent Cough?¹

Persistent cough has a great impact on psycho-socio-economic burden on child and health care providers as shown in Table 1

The prevalence of persistent cough is observed 8% in 1999 and increased to 21.25% in 2017 in 18yrs.

Traffic police personnel suffer more than non-traffic police personnel 27% to 14.7% respectively

How to evaluate?

Detail clinical history and examination is paramount importance in the evaluation which includes evaluation of symptoms and signs suggestive of underlying respiratory or systemic diseases for specific pointers. The following pointers like type of cough, (dry or wet), type of sputum, timing of cough, onset and progression family history, socio environmental history and ask question for comorbidities like – snoring, mouth breathing, hyperhyidrosis, grinding of teeth (bruxism) and relation to emotional stress like crying, laughing, shouting and physical exercise. Where it tickles before coughing. What medicine he is taking. Feeling of tickling sensation for cough at glottic and supra glottic area is mainly from upper airway pathology and infraglottic and supra sternal area is mainly from lower airway pathology. The physical examination should be thorough from head to toe. For early clubbing, ear, nose throat, neck, chest, and growth pattern. If there are any red flag signs we can subject the patient for investigation as listed in Table 2.

How to evaluate?

The algorithm will guide when to investigate and what are the usual investigations and special investigation is our area Figure 1. Only 8% of the children needed special specific investigations.

The causes of persistent cough

In our study it was Lower airway allergy, asthma in 1999 but it is allergic rhinisinsities (ARS) in 2017.^3,4 the details are shown in Table 3. I need to mention about psychogenic cough (somatic cough) the prevalence somatic cough was 1.05% in 1999 and it has increased to 2.8% in 2017 in our practice. The American College of Chest physicians CHEST-2015.⁵ Recommended that the word psychogenic coughs should be changed to somatic cough from July 2018. The new terms somatic (psychogenic), Tic (Habit) cough we do accept while keeping the time tested clinical clues in the diagnosis. The Tussiphonography shows specific single diamond with absent second diamond as reflects with other cough is shown in Figure 2 & Figure 3 clinically suspect and give supportive, behaviour modification before submitting for detail investigation for cost containment. We believe evidence based medicine is always a complimentary to experience and expertise. Art of practice of medicine cannot be replaced by alter of technology.

Does Children need cough suppressents? If so what to use

Most of the expert panel guidelines recommend not being use cough suppressants, especially in wet cough, the central antitussives are recommended only in early onset pertussis, in hemoptysis, post-surgery, dry cough with sleep disturbance, painful cough. Time has come to change our opinion to suit the burden and comorbidities involving persistent cough. This helps minimise the sleep disturbance and discomfort in the child. If child sleeps, parents can rest, grand parents can relax and primary physician can put at ease. So cough suppressants are needed while waiting for the diagnosis just like using antipyretics in febrile illness.

The pertinent choice of antitussives available ¹

Central antitussives–Codeine (Opioid) depresses respiratory center, causes dependence, decreases ciliary activity, increases bronchospasm and constipation. Not recommended in pediatric age
Dextromethorphan–Does not have opioid side effects, any dependency but releases histamine and not recommended allergic cough and asthma.
Peripheral Antitussive is-antihistamines, anticholinergic guaifenesine and benzoate.

The most promising peripheral antitussive drug is Levodropropizine a levoisomer of Dropopazine. It is a non-opioid antitussive, works at C fibre receptors on the surface of the epithelium, inhibits the release of neuropeptides and reduces the intensity frequency and night awakenings

Please note recently some anaphylactic reaction is observed for levodropropzine in Korea.⁶

Non Pharmacological recommendation are¹

Use of honey which coats the exposed pharyngeal ‘C’ fibre nerve endings decreases irritation and useful in nonspecific cough
Warm water to drink which decreases the gustatory reflex an observational experience
Vaporub, menthol in cough with upper respiratory infection in infants where it gives restful night to infants.

Figure 1 Approach to persist cough in children algorithm

Figure 2 Tussiphonography of normal cough showing 1st diamond for opening of the glottis and 2nd diamond closing of the glottis.

Figure 3 Somatic cough showing single diamond of 3 different patients where 2nd diamond is absent.

Impact on Child	Parents
Insomnia	Frustration
Exhaustion	Sleepless nigh
School absenteeism	Upset
Nausen vomiting	Stress
Rectal prolapse	Helplessness
Faecal soiling	Feeling sorry
Sub conjunctive haemorrhage	Frequent visit to doctors
Hernia	Financial burden
Cerebral hypoxic encephalopathy	Quality of life
Cough syncope
Quality of life

Table 1 Health care provider

Neonatal onset cough	Wet cough with focal signs in chest
Family history lung disease	Clubbing
Sudden onset of cough	Abnormal voice or crying
Hemoptysis	Stridor
Cough while feeding with dysphagia and vomiting	Wheeze
Night sweats
Poor weight gain

Table 2 Red flag signs for investigation

1999(no: 381)		2017(no:153)
Astama	79.21%	Astama	45.28%
ARS	10.52%	ARS	70.25%
Pneumonia	2.09%	Asthama+ARS	12.27%
Pertussis Syndrome	2.09%	Pertussis Syndrome	2.80%
Bronchiectesis	1.05%	Bronchiectesis	2.80%
Stomach cough(Psychogenic)	1.05%	Stomach cough(Psychogenic)	2.80%
Foreign body	0.53%	PBB	0.65%
Hyper-eosinophilic Pulmonary	0.26%
Syndrome Bronchogenic Ca	0.26%
Impacted cerumen	0.26%
Tuberculosis	0.26%

Table 3 Causes of persistent cough^1,3,4

Conclusion^1,7,8

Chronic cough is a major psychosocoeconomic health burden
Systematic clinical evaluation contributes 92% in the diagnosis
Special diagnostic tests are needed in 8% of the children with red flag signs
Always here the sound of cough active or passive (by tickling the trachea, which helps in locating the site of pathology
Allergic airway diseases are the major cause for chronic cough. The upper airway allergy is superseded the lower airway allergy in 18 years
Art of medicine should not be sacrificed at the altar of technology
The evidence based medicine is always complimentary to our experience and expertise
Encourage environmental control to minimise the irritation of cough receptor
Social determinants dictate terms for cough suppressants while awaiting for proper diagnosis
Keep indoor plants which are natural air purifiers like firn, anthurium, bamboo, chrysanthemum, money plant but expose them to sun light and remove tray of water weekly.