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Bioequivalence & Bioavailability

Research Article Volume 5 Issue 2

Influence of some essential elements (P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn) on the efficiency of five BGA (blue-green algae) species and two fertilizers in the growth of rice

Md Didar-ul Alam

Department of Soil, Water and Environment, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh

Correspondence: Md Didar-ul-Alam, Professor, Department of Soil, Water and Environment, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh, Tel 01716058417

Received: June 24, 2017 | Published: March 26, 2018

Citation: Didar-ul-Alam M. Influence of some essential elements (P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn) on the efficiency of five BGA (blue-green algae) species and two fertilizers in the growth of rice. MOJ Bioequiv Availab. 2018;5(2):99-110. DOI: 10.15406/mojbb.2018.05.00088

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Abstract

The P-content values obtained at the second harvest were significantly lower than the 1st harvest; P-offtake by plants in pots inoculated with BGA was significantly lower than from pots receiving fertilizer in the 2nd harvest. Like K-content there are no clear differences between Ca-contents or Mg-contents although the values for pots inoculate with BGA were slightly but not significantly lower than for those receiving fertilizer. Fe content significantly higher in plants from pots receiving fertilizer than from those inoculated with BGA at both the 1st and 2nd harvests. In case of Mn there is a little variation at the highest but between harvest there is a significant increase in both % Mn-content and Mn offtake.

Keywords: nutrient elements, interaction, harvest

Introduction

Competition for space and resources has imposed on us the necessity to further optimize our exploitation of cultivated and wild lands. It has been revealed that agricultural production will have to increase by 60% on the next 20 years to sustain the world’s population after 2025. An important problem is not only to increase the yield per unit area, but also per unit input. We cannot rely on the application of chemical and organic fertilizers alone, we need to analyze the ecosystem economy. Elucidation of the essential elements inputs and outputs of the ecosystem, estimation of microbial transformations and internal essential elements turnover and extensive application of low-cost fertilizer are aspects of the major elements economy that still require study. So, water bloom algae mainly composed of microsyst can be utilized as a bio-fertilizer, because elements like carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are liberated in forms available to growing plants after decomposition of alga bodies. The quantity of various essential elements released from decomposition of different blue-green algae to the growing crop is likely to vary with different soil conditions. Thus, the blue-green algae may act not only as a substitute for mineral fertilization, but as a supplement.1 Flooding Paddy soils causes a number of electrochemical changes in that soil that, in general benefit the crop. Many nutrients like N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn etc. become more available to the crop and most nutrients toxicity’s and deficiencies associated with extreme soil pH.2 An effort has been made to estimate to see the influence of various elements on the efficiency and five BGA species and two chemical fertilizers and compound them under green house condition.

Methods and material

The soil for the present experiment is highly productive known as Insch soil obtained from Murrials farm in aberdeenshire of Scotland UK. Chemically, the soil had pH 5.96, organic carbon 7.95 %, total nitrogen 0.28 %, cation exchange capacity 11.5meq 100-1 and sandy loam as texture. The rice variety ‘MRI’ of Malaysian agricultural development Institute were 1R22 collected from school of agriculture, Aberdeen University, UK. ‘MR1’was selected as indicator plant because of its high and stable yield that has poor eating quality but excellent plant type. After viability test (98.3 % germination was recorded), the 25 days old seedlings were transplanted to pots. The experiment was laid out in a split plot design. The experimental plots were divided into two blocks representing two replications. Each block was sub-divided into sub-blocks. Each sub-block was again divided into 21 unit plots upon which the treatment was superimposed randomly. The total number of unit plots (pots) was 84. There were three sources of nitrogen, namely urea (U), ammonium sulfate (As) and blue green algae (BGA) each at five rates. For the BGA each species was considered to be a rate (Table 1).

Rate

Fertilizers (mg N pot-1)

BGA

1

30

Anabaena variabilies

2

60

Anabaena cylindrica

3

90

Anabaena doliolum

4

120

Nostoc muscorum

5

150

Plectonema boryanum

Table 1 Five species of BGA

Two types of control were prepared provided in this design. One control receiving no nitrogen (0) and the second control was inoculated with five species of BGA in each sub block without growing rice plants. Thus there were 21 treatments; the total number of unit plots (pots) was 84. There were three sources of nitrogen, namely urea (U), ammonium sulfate (As) @ 30,60.90,120, & 150 (mg N pot-1) and all five blue green algae (BGA) as the five rates. For the BGA each species was considered to be a rate by the following way (Table 1).

84 plastic 21x17 cm round pots were numbered consecutively. Each pot was about 4-litre capacity and the drainage holes were closed with thick sticky tape. The pots were washed carefully and dried before use. 1800g air-dry soil was placed into each pot with capillary matting (Fyba mat) at the bottom. The air dry soil was mixed with 20ml of KH2PO4 solution in a Kenwood mixer for the basic fertilizer dose of p and K .The moist soil were transferred to the pots with light and even packing and 1500ml of water were added to each pot. This forms a 2cm depth of standing water over the soil surface. The pots were kept at constant temperature covering with polythene sheet. The pots were transformed after 5 days to the glass house and appropriate quantities of N fertilizer added and mixed. In case of BGA pots each inoculate was applied as a liquid suspension. Four days after transplanting, when the seedlings become fully established, the depth of standing water was raised to 4.5cm and maintained throughout the growing period. In the present study the temperature was optimum (25-300C) up to 56 days and then dropped in month November. In that month and especially on cloudy clays fluorescent lights were used to supply adequate light. The pots were weeded by hand from time to time when necessary the rice plants started tillaring within 2 weeks after transplanting. Six weeks after transplanting, pots numbering 1‒21 from block I and 43‒63 from block II and twelve weeks after transplanting (harvest) the plant samples were removed, washed, weighed, dried, reweigh and ground. The method of Bremner,3 was followed for nitrogen analysis.

Statistical analysis

It was necessary to calculate the standard error of differences of means (SED) for correct comparison among all treatments. The Genstat statistical computer package,4incorporates a split plot model consists of: N rates, N-rates X N-source interaction, Harvest X rates, harvest X sources, harvest X rate X source at two different harvest. The SED at p£0.001, p£0.01, p£0.05 levels were shown in each table. In comparing those results the superscript letter before the mean indicates weather within the columns are significantly different while those following the means provide information on the significance between columns.

Result and discussion

In (Table 2A) (Table 2B) as content and offtake of P K, Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn are expressed as percentage of dry matter (dm) in duplicate values at 1st and 2nd harvest. The statistical results of above all elements are presented in Table 3‒11.

Treatments

Dry matter yield(dm) g pot-1

P %

P offtake mg pot -1

K %

Ca %

Mg %

Fe µg g-1 dm*

Fe offtake µg pot-1

Mn µg-1 dm

Mn offtake mg pot -1

6

0.87

1.01

0.74

0.51

6.4

5.2

1.95

1.9

0.38

0.37

0.13

0.12

161

164

139.9

165.1

752

713

0.6

0.71

7

1.93

2.08

0.7

0.68

13.5

14.1

1.85

1.92

0.39

0.44

0.13

0.15

224

210

431.4

436.4

1043

977

2

2

8

1.79

1.87

0.72

0.71

12.9

13.3

1.95

1.65

0.4

0.4

0.13

0.13

224

224

400

400.2

1016

977

1.8

1.8

9

1.25

1.37

0.62

0.61

7.8

8.4

1.55

1.65

0.43

0.43

0.14

0.14

346

357

432.6

1779

937

871

1.2

1.8

10

1.56

1.66

0.55

0.53

8.6

8.8

1.85

1.75

0.4

0.42

0.13

0.14

229

237

357.1

686.4

1017

977

1.6

1.6

11

1.63

1.71

0.57

0.62

9.3

10.6

1.65

1.85

0.4

0.4

0.13

0.13

379

357

617.8

687.4

1109

1056

1.8

1.8

12

1.88

1.96

0.58

0.56

10.9

11

1.95

1.85

0.4

0.4

0.14

0.13

360

259

676.2

1127.7

977

951

1.8

1.8

13

1.96

2.01

0.5

0.51

9.8

10.3

1.85

1.75

0.4

0.43

0.15

0.14

253

253

496.7

669.4

898

977

1.8

2

14

1.7

1.76

0.61

0.6

10.4

10.6

1.95

1.98

0.43

0.43

0.14

0.14

270

382

458.6

1424.9

924

898

1.5

1.6

15

1.27

1.41

0.56

0.55

7.1

7.8

1.92

1.85

0.39

0.4

0.13

0.13

371

360

470.7

1155.7

1003

964

1.3

1.4

16

1.12

1.05

0.65

0.64

7.3

6.7

1.65

1.65

0.4

0.38

0.13

0.13

234

278

415.1

613.8

1030

924

1.2

1

17

1.5

1.45

0.66

0.64

9.9

9.3

1.95

1.65

0.4

0.39

0.13

0.13

333

346

351.5

1028.7

898

1096

1.3

1.6

18

1.96

1.83

0.54

0.53

10.6

9.7

1. 5

1.85

0.44

0.41

0.15

14

319

335

651.6

1200

950

845

1.9

1.5

19

1.53

1.62

0.58

0.61

8.9

9.9

1.83

1.8

0.39

0.39

0.13

0.13

319

335

487.8

718

1003

964

1.5

1.6

20

1.79

1.93

0.59

0.57

10.6

11

1.95

1.85

0.41

0.4

0.14

0.13

428

436

765.8

1165.7

977

1056

1.7

2

21

2.27

2.33

0.55

0.53

12.5

12.3

1.85

2.05

0.4

0.4

0.13

0.14

199

188

451.5

848

1201

1307

2.7

3

Table 2A Nutrient content (P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn) and offtake (P, Fe and Mn) by rice by following application of different rates of urea, ammonium sulphate and BGA species at 1st harvest
dm*, dry matter

Treatments

Dry matter yield(dm) g pot-1

P %

P offtake mg pot-1

K %

Ca %

Mg %

Fe µg g -1 dm*

Fe offtake µg pot-1

Mn µg-1 dm

Mn offtake mg pot-1

6

3.53

3.74

0.41

0.41

14.5

15.3

1 .35

1.38

0.66

0.62

0.2

0.21

128

134

454.5

499.4

1214

1175

4.3

4.4

7

5.9

5.73

0.43

0.43

25.4

24.6

1.45

1.55

0.68

0.66

0.22

0.2

169

155

996.8

889.9

1584

1478

9.3

8.5

8

5.15

5.42

0.39

0.38

20.1

20.6

1.68

1.65

0.66

0.66

0.21

0.21

174

166

898.2

900.9

1690

1690

8.7

9.2

9

5.74

5.58

0.38

0.39

21.8

21.8

1.65

1.65

0.63

0.66

0.23

0.21

305

319

1751.8

1779

1478

1439

8.5

8

10

4.39

4.58

0.32

0.33

14.5

15.1

1.65

1.75

0.69

0.66

0.21

0.21

134

150

586.2

686.4

1465

1426

6.4

6.05

11

4.57

4.76

0.35

0.35

16

16.7

1.65

1.55

0.66

0.67

0.21

0.22

134

144

610.2

687.4

1610

1571

7.4

7.5

12

4.36

4.45

0.4

0.4

17.4

17 .8

1.75

1 65

0.61

0.57

0.2

0.19

234

253

1021.8

1127.7

1795

1742

7.8

7.8

13

4.19

4.31

0.42

0.41

17.6

17.7

1.67

1.65

0.6

0.51

0.2

0.17

180

155

753.6

669.4

1452

1399

6.1

6

14

6.13

6.3

0.39

0.4

3.9

25.2

1. 70

1.55

0.63

0.57

0.21

0.19

245

226

1503.9

1424.9

1676

1637

10.3

10.3

15

6.24

6.33

0.4

0.4

24.9

25.3

1.52

1.55

0.63

0.61

0.21

0.2

199

183

1241.3

1155.7

1307

1280

8.2

8.1

16

3.99

4.25

0.42

0.36

16.8

15.3

1.55

1.45

0.57

0.56

0.19

0.19

169

144

674.1

613.8

1637

1571

6.5

6.7

17

5.89

5.72

0.41

0.34

24.1

19.4

1.57

1.85

0.66

0.6

0.21

0.2

164

180

963

1028.7

1452

13.73

8.6

7·9

18

6.32

5.97

0.4

0.38

25.3

22.7

1. 75

1.5

0.64

0.63

0.23

0.21

183.2

1153.8

1153.8

1200

1439

1386

9

8.3

19

4.06

4.25

0.38

0.38

15.4

16.1

1.35

1.45

0.59

0.6

0.19

0.2

138

169

641.7

718

1402

1412

6.6

6

20

5.97

6.2

0.38

0.38

2.7

23.6

1.55

1.55

0.63

0.62

0.21

0.2

177

188

1057.4

1165.7

1518

1492

9.1

9.2

21

4.89

5.02

0.39

0.39

19.1

9.6

1 .47

1.5

0.62

0.64

0.22

0.23

177

169

866

848

1610

1663

7.9

8.3

Table 2B Nutrient content (P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn) and offtake (P, Fe and Mn) by rice by following application of different rates of urea, ammonium sulphate and BGA species at 2nd harvest
dm*, dry matter

P content and P-offtake

A small difference was observed in %P-content of the plant material at the 1st harvest (Table 3) it being significantly higher with the addition of U which may be due to localized differences in soil/water pH in the early stages of growth as this differences disappeared by the 2nd harvest. The P-content values obtained at the 2nd harvest were significantly lower than for the first harvest because of the increase in dry matter yield. The P-offtake data presented in Table 4 show the same difference for the 1st harvest despite the difference in dry matter yield but by the second harvest offtake of P by plants in pots inoculated with BGA was significantly lower than from pots receiving fertilizer. This difference may be due to the competition between BGA and rice plants for P or it may be due to the lower dry matter yield where BGA was inoculated. Rice yield increased nearly five folds with the application of 150kg P2O5 ha-1 Compared to control treatments. For upland rice P deficiency is the most limiting factor among all essential plant nutrients. This is due to the low inherent P level of the soil (<2mg kg-1) and high fixation capacities.5

Treatment means 1st harvest

N-rates( R )           1            2            3           4            5

SED

Significance of difference   

                           0.673b  0.568a    0.555a   0.610a    0.571a

0.0243

P≤0.05

                                                                      

 a=n.s. & b=0.05

N-sources (S)

BGA

U

AS

                                 

0.595b

0.629c

 0.563a

0.0188

P≤0. 1

                                 

b=0.1       c=0.1

  N-Sources × Rates (R×S)

BGA

U

AS

         0 ( Cont)

-

-

-

0.625

0.042

P≤0.05

1

c0.69a

a0.72a

a0.62a 

a=n.s.

2

a0.54a

a0.60ba

a0.57a

a=n.s.

3

 a0.51a

a0.61a

a0.56a

a=n.s.

4

a0.65a

a0.65b

a0.54a

b=0.05

5

 a0.60a 

a0.58a

a0.54a

a=n.s.

a=n.s

a=n.s

a=n.s

Treatment means 2nd harvest

 

 

 

 

N-rates( R )           1            2                 3              4            5

SED

Significance of difference   

                           0.400a     0.358b    0.403d     0.385c     0.383c    

0.00953

P≤0.05

                                                                      

 b=0.05     

N-sources (S)

BGA

U

AS

                                 

0.388a     

0.388a     

0.388a     

0.00738

P≤0.00 1

                                 

a=n.s

  N-Sources × Rates (R×S)

BGA

U

AS

         0 ( Cont)

-

-

-

0.041

0.01651

P≤0.01

1

e0.430b

a0.385a

a0.385a 

a=n.s.

b=0.05 

2

d0.325b 

b0.350a

b0.400b

a=n.s.

b=0.01

3

 c0.415a

c0.395b

c0.400b

a=n.s.

4

b0.390a

d0.375c

b0.390b

a=n.s.

5

 a0.380a 

c0.380c

c0.390b

a=n.s.

 

 b=0.01

a=n.s.

a=n.s.

 

 

 

Table 3 % P content of rice as obtained by application of different species of BGA and rates of ammonium sulphate and urea at each of two harvests
+ abc means bearing the different superscripts differ significantly at P≤0.001, P≤0.01,and P≤0.05
+ All SED!s are against 15 df.

Treatment means 1st harvest

 

 

 

 

N-rates( R )           1            2            3            4          5    

SED

Significance of difference   

                           11.67d     9.87b    9.30a     8.92a     10.87c    

0.2828

P≤0.01

                                             b=0.1 , c=0.01 & d=0.05                               

N-sources (S)

BGA

U

AS

                                 

9.79a     

10.77b     

9.81a     

0.2191

P≤0.001

                                 

b=0.001

  N-Sources × Rates (R×S)

BGA

U

AS

         0 ( Cont)

-

-

-

5.8

0.4899

P≤0.001

1

c13.80b

b13.10b

a8.10a 

b=0.001

2

b8.70a 

a9.95b

b10.95c

b=0.05 

c=0.1

3

b10.05b

a10.40b

a7.45a

b=0.001

4

a7.06a

a9.60b

b10.15b

b=0.001

5

 b9.40a 

a10.80b

c12.40c

b=0.05

c=0.01

b=0.01

a=n.s.

a=n.s.

 

c=0.001

b=0.001

b=0.001

c=0.01

 

 

Treatment means 2nd harvest

 

 

 

 

N-rates( R )           1            2            3             4              5    

SED

Significance of difference   

                           22.38d    16.25a   22.43d     20.61c     19.42b     

0.635

P≤0.001

                                             b=0.001, c=0.01 & d=0.01                               

N-sources (S)

BGA

U

AS

                                 

17.85a     

21.23b      

21.57b      

0.491

 P≤0.001

                                 

b=0.001

  N-Sources × Rates (R×S)

BGA

U

AS

         0 ( Cont)

-

-

-

14.9

1.099

P≤0.001

1

b25.00b

b20.35a

b21.80a 

b=0.01

2

a14.80a 

b16.35a

a7.60a

a=n.s. 

3

ca7.65b

b24.55a

c25.10a

b=0.00

4

a16.05a

b21.77b

c24.00c

b=0.001

c=0.1

5

a15.75a 

b23.15c

a9.35b

b=0.01

c=0.01

a=n.s.

b=0.01

a=n.s.

b=0.001

b=0.01

 

 

 

c=0.1

 

 

 

Table 4 P-offtake by rice (mg/pot-1) as obtained by application of different species of BGA and rates of ammonium sulphate and urea at each of two harvests
+ abc means bearing the different superscripts differ significantly at P≤0.001, P≤0.01, and P≤0.05
+All SED’s are against 15 df.

% K content

There are no obvious differences in % K content except that at both 1st and 2nd harvests (Table 5) values for plants from pots inoculated with BGA were marginally but not significantly lower. There was a significant reduction in values at the 2nd harvest because of increased dry matter yields.

Treatment means 1st harvest

 

 

 

 

N-rates( R )           1            2            3             4              5    

SED

Significance of difference   

                           1.795a    1.817a   1.883a     1.767a      1.888a    

0.0513

P=n.s.

                                             a=n.s.                               

N-sources (S)

BGA

U

AS

                                 

1.790a     

1.863a     

1.837a     

0.0397

 P=n.s.

                                 

a=n.s.

  N-Sources × Rates (R×S)

BGA

U

AS

         0 ( Cont)

-

-

-

1.925

0.0888

P≤0.01

1

a1.89b

a1.90b

a1.60a 

b=0.01

2

a1.80a 

a1.75a

b1.90a

a=n.s. 

3

a1.80a

a1.97a

b1.89a

a=n.s.

4

a1.65a

a1.80a

b1.85a

a=n.s.

5

a1.82a  

a1.90a

b1.95a

a=n.s.

 

a=n.s.

a=n.s.

b=0.05

 

 

 

Treatment means 2nd harvest

 

 

 

 

N-rates( R )           1            2            3             4              5    

SED

Significance of difference   

                           1.605b    1.667b   1.607b     1.612b     1.478a    

0.0502

P≤0.05

                                             b=0.05                               

N-sources (S)

BGA

U

AS

                                 

1.552a     

1.630a     

1.599a      

0.0389

 P=n.s.

                                 

a=n.s.

  N-Sources×Rates (R×S)

BGA

U

AS

         0 ( Cont)

-

-

-

1.365

0.087

P≤0.1

1

a1.50a

a1.67b

a1.65b 

b=0.1

2

b1.70a 

a1.60a

a1.70a

a=n.s. 

3

b1.66a

a1.63a

a1.54a

a=n.s.

4

a1.50a

a1.71a

a1.63a

a=n.s.

5

a1.40a 

a1.55a

a1.49a

a=n.s.

 

a=n.s.

a=n.s.

a=n.s.

b=0.1

 

 

Table 5 %K content of rice as obtained by application of different species of BGA and rates of ammonium sulphate and urea at each of two harvests
+ abc means bearing the different superscripts differ significantly at P≤0.001, P≤0.01,and P≤0.05
+ All SED!s are against 15 df.

% Ca and Mg content

Like K-content there is no clear difference between Ca-content (Table 6) and Mg-contents (Table 7) although the values for pots inoculated with BGA were slightly but not significantly lower than for those receiving fertilizer. However, for both elements values for % content at the 2nd harvest were significantly higher than at the first, which indicates increased demand or uptake for those elements in the later period of growth.

Treatment means 1st harvest

 

 

 

 

N-rates( R )           1            2            3             4              5    

SED

Significance of difference   

                           0.415a    0.407a   0.413a     0.403a     0.402a    

0.00833

P=n.s.

                                             a=n.s.                               

N-sources (S)

BGA

U

AS

                                 

0.404a      

0.406a     

10.414a      

0.00645

 P=n.s.

                                 

a=n.s.

  N-Sources × Rates (R×S)

BGA

U

AS

         0 ( Cont)

-

-

-

0.375

0.01443

P≤0.1

1

a0.415a

a0.400a

a0.430a 

a=n.s.

2

a0.410a 

a0.400a

a0.410a

a=n.s. 

3

a0.415a

a0.430a

a0.395a

a=n.s.

4

a0.390a

a0.395a

a0.425a

a=n.s.

b=0.1

5

a0.390a 

a0.405a

a0.410a

a=n.s.

a=n.s.

a=n.s.

a=n.s.

 

 

b=0.1

 

 

 

 

Treatment means 2nd harvest

 

 

 

 

N-rates( R )           1            2            3             4              5    

SED

Significance of difference   

                           0.658b    0.643b   0.592a     0.617a     0.617a    

0.0132

P≤0.1

                                             b=0.1                               

N-sources (S)

BGA

U

AS

                                 

0.612a     

0.636a      

0.624a     

0.0102

 P=n.s.

                                 

a=n.s.

  N-Sources × Rates (R×S)

BGA

U

AS

         0 ( Cont)

-

-

-

0.64

0.0228

P≤0.01

1

b0.670a

a0.660a

a0.645a 

a=n.s.

2

b0.675a  

a0.665a

a0.590a

b=0.01 

3

a0.555a

a0.600b

a0.620b

b=0.1

4

a0.565a

a0.630b

a0.635b

b=0.05

5

a0.595a  

a0.625a

a0.630a

a=n.s.

a=n.s.

a=n.s.

a=n.s.

 

b=0.01

 

 

 

 

 

Table 6 % Ca content of rice as obtained by application of different species of BGA and rates of ammonium sulphate and urea at each of two harvests
+ abc means bearing the different superscripts differ significantly at P≤0.001, P≤0.01,and P≤0.05
+ All SED!s are against 15 df.

Treatment means 1st harvest

 

 

 

 

N-rates( R )           1            2            3             4              5    

SED

Significance of difference   

                           0.137a     0.133a   0.138a    0.135a     0.133a     

0.00349

P=n.s.

                                             a=n.s.                               

N-sources (S)

BGA

U

AS

                                 

0.136a       

0.133a     

0.137a       

0.0027

 P=n.s.

                                 

a=n.s.

  N-Sources × Rates (R×S)

BGA

U

AS

         0 ( Cont)

-

-

-

0.125

0.00604

P≤0.05

1

a0.140b

a0.130a

a0.140a 

b=0.1.

2

a0.135a 

a0.130a

a0.135a

a=n.s. 

3

a0.145b

a0.140b

a0.130a

a=n.s.

4

a0.130a

a0.130a

a0.145b

a=n.s.

b=0.05

5

a0.130a  

a0.135a

a0.135a

a=n.s.

 

a=n.s

a=n.s

a=n.s

 

 

 

Treatment means 2nd harvest

 

 

 

 

N-rates( R )           1            2            3             4              5    

SED

Significance of difference   

                           0.212a    0.207a   0.197a     0.206a     0.208a     

0.00527

P=n.s.

                                             a=n.s.                               

N-sources (S)

BGA

U

AS

                                 

0.198a     

0.206b     

0.213b     

0.00408

 P≤0.1

                                 

b=0.1

  N-Sources × Rates (R×S)

BGA

U

AS

         0 ( Cont)

-

-

-

0.205

0.00913

P≤0.05

1

a0.210a

a0.205a

a0.220a 

a=n.s.

2

a0.210a  

a0.215a

a0.195a

a=n.s. 

3

a0.185a

a0.200b

a0.205b

b=0.1.

4

a0.190a

a0.205b

a0.220c

b=0.1

c=0.1

5

a0.195a  

a0.205a

b0.225b

b=0.05

a=n.s

a=n.s.

a=n.s.

 

 

 

b=0.1

 

 

 

Table 7 % Mg content of rice as obtained by application of different species of BGA and rates of ammonium sulphate and urea at each of two harvests
+ abc means bearing the different superscripts differ significantly at P≤0.001, P≤0.01, and P≤0.05
+ All SED’s are against 15 df.

% Fe content and Fe-offtake

Values for % Fe content are presented in Table 8 and showed significantly higher Fe content in plants from pots receiving fertilizer than those from inoculated with BGA at both the 1st and 2nd harvests, this difference which is more obvious in the Fe-offtake (Table 9) may be due to competitive uptake by the BGA. Fe- content and Fe up-take was highest in plants receiving AS fertilizer at both harvests. This may be due to localized higher acidity in the pots receiving AS compared to those receiving U. Off-take values increase with increasing amounts of N-applied which may due to increased dry matter yields.

Treatment means 1st harvest

 

 

 

 

N-rates( R )           1            2            3             4              5    

SED

Significance of difference   

                           263.9a    317.9c   292.9b     320.2c     317.5c    

6.96

P≤0.001

                                             b=0.001 & c=n.s.-0.01                               

N-sources (S)

BGA

U

AS

                                 

279.6a     

308.2b     

319.6c     

5.39

 P≤0.001

                                 

b=0.001& c=0.1

  N-Sources × Rates (R×S)

BGA

U

AS

         0 ( Cont)

-

-

-

162.3

12.06

P≤0.001

1

a216.4a

a223.4a

b351.5b 

a=n.s.

b=0.001

2

a233.0a 

c367.9b

 b352.9b

b=0.001 

3

b256.1a

b261.6a

 b361.0b

a=n.s.

b=0.001

4

d365.1c

b256.1a

b339.3b

b=0.01

c=0.05

5

c327.0b 

d431.9c

a193.5a

b=0.001

c=0.001

a=n.s

b=0.05

b=0.001

b=0.1

c=0.001

c=0.001

d=0.001

 

d=0.01

 

 

 

 

 

Treatment means 2nd harvest

 

 

 

 

N-rates( R )           1            2            3             4              5    

SED

Significance of difference   

                           274.9b    174.8a   204.7b     173.9a     173.0a     

6.67

P≤0.001

                                             a=n.s. & b=0.001                               

N-sources (S)

BGA

U

AS

                                 

158.3a     

183.9b     

222.6c     

5.17

P≤0.001

                                 

b=0.001 & c=0.001

  N-Sources × Rates (R×S)

BGA

U

AS

         0 ( Cont)

-

-

-

130.8

11.56

P≤0.001

1

a162.1a

b170.5a

c312.0b  

a=n.s.

b=0.001

2

a141.1a 

a139.0a

b243.8b

a=n.s.

b=0.05 

3

a167.6a

c255.7c

a190.7b

b=0.01

c=0.00

4

a156.7a

b171.7a

a193.5b

a=n.s.

b=0.001

5

a163.5a 

b182.6a

a173.0a

a=n.s.

a=n.s

b=0.05

a=n.s.

             

c=0.001

b=0.001

 

                                 

c=0.001

 

 

 

Table 8 Fe content of rice (g g-1 dry matter) as obtained by application of different species of BGA and rates of ammonium sulphate and urea at each of two harvests
+ abc means bearing the different superscripts differ significantly at P≤0.001, P≤0.01,and P≤0.05
+ All SED!s are against 15 df.

Treatment means 1st harvest

 

 

 

 

N-rates( R )           1            2            3             4              5    

SED

Significance of difference   

                           434.4a    555.5c   487.5b     468.7b     587.9d     

13.57

P≤0.001

                                             b=0.05, c=0.001 & d=0.05                               

N-sources (S)

BGA

U

AS

                                 

445.9a     

530.7b      

543.8b     

10.51

P≤0.001

                                 

b=0.001

  N-Sources × Rates (R×S)

BGA

U

AS

         0 ( Cont)

-

-

-

152.5

23.5

P≤0.001

1

a433.8a

a408.9a

a460.4a 

a=n.s.

2

a375.3a  

b613.9b

d677.3c

b=0.001

c=0.05 

3

b508.5b

a449.8a

b504.3b

b=0.05

4

a396.4a

a377.3a

c632.4b

a=n.s

b=0.001

5

b515.4b  

c803.6c

a444.8a

b=0.01

c=0.001

a=n.s

a=n.s

a=n.s

b=0.001

b=0.001

b=0.1

                

c=0.001

c=0.001

 

                                   

d=0.1

 

 

 

Treatment means 2nd harvest

 

 

 

 

N-rates( R )           1            2            3             4              5    

SED

Significance of difference   

                           1202.8e    786.7a   1124.7d     938.9c     882.8b    

31.09

P≤0.001

                                             b=0.001, d=0.001 & c=0.1 e=0.05

N-sources (S)

BGA

U

AS

                                 

723.0a     

1024b     

1214.5c      

24.08

P≤0.001

                                 

b=0.001 &c=0.001

  N-Sources × Rates (R×S)

BGA

U

AS

         0 ( Cont)

-

-

-

477

53.85

P≤0.001

1

b943.4a

b899.5a

d1765.4b 

a=n.s.

b=0.001

2

a636.3a 

a649.0a

b1074.7b

a=n.s.

b=0.001 

3

a711.4a

e1464.1c

c1198.5b

b=0.001

c=0.00

4

a643.9a

c995.9b

c1177.0c

b=0.001

c=0.001

5

a679.9a 

d1111.6c

a857.1b

b=0.01

c=0.001

a=n.s

b=0.001

b=0.01

b=0.001

c=0.1

c=0.1

d=0.05

d=0.001

 

 

e=0.001

 

 

 

 

Table 9 Fe offtake by rice (g pot-1) as obtained by application of different species of BGA and rates of ammonium sulphate and urea at each of two harvests
+ abc means bearing the different superscripts differ significantly at P≤0.001, P≤0.01,and P≤0.05
+ All SED!s are against 15 df.

% Mn content and Mn-offtake

These values are presented in Tables 10 & 11 respectively. There is little variation 1st harvest but between harvests there is a significant increase in both % Mn-content and Mn-offtake. As in the case of Ca and Mg this must represent increased demand and or uptake of the element in the later period of growth. Plant material obtained at the 2nd harvest showed significant differences in Mn-content. Values were highest in material from pots receiving U and lowest in material from pots inoculated with BGA. There was no obvious relationship with the rate of N-application. Mn-offtake at the 2nd harvest is significantly higher than for the 1st harvest and the values are highest for the fertilizer treated pots.

Treatment means 1st harvest

 

 

 

 

N-rates( R )           1            2            3             4              5    

SED

Significance of difference   

                           970a     1014a   944a     957b     1085b    

34

P≤0.05

                                             a=n.s., & b=0.05                               

N-sources (S)

BGA

U

AS

                                 

981a      

1001a     

1001a     

26.3

P=n.s.

                                 

b=0.001

  N-Sources × Rates (R×S)

BGA

U

AS

         0 ( Cont)

-

-

-

733

58.8

P≤0.001

1

a1010a

a997a

a904a 

a=n.s.

2

a997a  

a1082a

a964a

a=n.s. 

3

a937a

a911a

a983a

a=n.s.

4

a977a

a997a

a898a

a=n.s

5

a983a 

a1016a

b1254b

a=n.s.

b=0.01

a=n.s

a=n.s

a=n.s

 

                             

b=0.001

 

 

 

Treatment means 2nd harvest

 

 

 

 

N-rates( R )           1            2            3             4              5    

SED

Significance of difference   

                           1560b     1602b     1459a     1543b     1531b    

39.4

P≤0.1

                                             b= n.s. –0.1                               

N-sources (S)

BGA

U

AS

                                 

1492a      

1611b     

1514a     

30.5

 P≤0.1

                                 

a=n.s.& b=0.01

  N-Sources × Rates (R×S)

BGA

U

AS

         0 ( Cont)

-

-

-

1195

68.3

P≤0.01

1

a1531a

a1690b

a1459a 

a=n.s.

b=0.05

2

a1445a  

a1591b

 c1769c

b=0.05

c=0.05 

3

a1426b

a1657e

a1294a

b=0.1

c=0.01

4

a1604b

a1612b

a1412a

b=0.05

5

a1452a 

a1505a

b1637b

a=n.s.

a=n.s

a=n.s

a=n.s

b=0.1

b=0.05

 

                              

c=0.1

 

 

 

Table 10 Mn content of rice (g g-1) as obtained by application of different species of BGA and rates of ammonium sulphate and urea at each of two harvests
+ abc means bearing the different superscripts differ significantly at P≤0.001, P≤0.01,and P≤0.05
+ All SED!s are against 15 df.

Treatment means 1st harvest

 

 

 

 

N-rates( R )           1            2            3             4              5    

SED

Significance of difference   

                           1.773b     1.773b     1.617b     1.417a     2.083c    

0.092

P≤0.001

                                             b=0.05 & c=0.001                               

N-sources (S)

BGA

U

AS

                                 

1.634a      

1.70a     

1.84b      

0.071

 P≤0.1

                                 

b=0.1

  N-Sources × Rates (R×S)

BGA

U

AS

         0 ( Cont)

-

-

-

0.68

0.16

P≤0.001

1

c2.02b

a1.80b

a1.50a 

b=0.1

2

b1.60a 

a1.80a

a180a

a=n.s. 

3

c1.90b

a1.60a

a1.35a

b=0.1

4

a1.10a

a1.45b

a1.70b

b=0.1

5

b1.55a  

a1.85

b2.85c

a=n.s.

c=0.001

b=0.05

a=n.s

b=0.001

 

c=0.1

 

 

 

 

 

Treatment means 2nd harvest

 

 

 

 

N-rates( R )           1            2            3             4              5    

SED

Significance of difference   

                           8.70d      7.23a       8.17c       7.83b        7.85b    

0.0502

P≤0.01

                                             b=0.01 , c=0.1  & d=0.01                                

N-sources (S)

BGA

U

AS

                                 

6.86a      

8.82a      

8.19b     

0.129

 P≤0.001

                                 

b=0.001 & c=0.001

  N-Sources × Rates (R×S)

BGA

U

AS

         0 ( Cont)

-

-

-

4.35

0.288

P≤00.1

1

b8.90b

c8.95b

a8.25a 

b=0.05

2

a6.45a 

a7.45b

 a7.80b

b=0.001 

3

a6.05a

d10.30c

 a8.15b

b=0.001

c=0.001

4

a6.60a

b8.25b

a8.65b

b=0.001

5

a6.30a 

c9.15c

a8.10b

b=0.001

c=0.01

b=0.001

b=0.05

a=n.s.

c=0.05

 

 

d=0.01

 

 

 

 

Table 11 Mn oftake by rice (mg pot-1) as obtained by application of different species of BGA and rates of ammonium sulphate and urea at each of two harvests
+ abc means bearing the different superscripts differ significantly at P≤0.001, P≤0.01,and P≤0.05
+ All SED!s are against 15 df.

Acknowledgments

None.

Conflict of interest

The authors have no conflict of interests.

References

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