1. Home
  2. JOENTR
  3. JOENTR 04 00123
Submit manuscript...
Journal of
eISSN: 2379-6359

Otolaryngology-ENT Research

Mini Review Volume 4 Issue 6

Race versus Incidence of Laryngeal Carcinoma Cross Sectional Study

Mazen Hammoud,1 Bachar Skaff,2 Hamdi Hamiyyeh2

1Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery specialist, Hammoud Hospital University Medical Center, Lebanon
2Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery Resident, Hammoud Hospital University Medical Center, Lebanon

Correspondence: , Tel 009617723888-1957

Received: May 27, 2016 | Published: November 2, 2016

Citation: Hammoud M, Skaff B, Hamiyyeh H (2016) Race versus Incidence of Laryngeal Carcinoma Cross Sectional Study. J Otolaryngol ENT Res 4(6): 00123. DOI: 10.15406/joentr.2016.04.00123

Download PDF

Keywords

wegener’s granulomatosis, supraglottic stenosis, supraglottic mass

Background

Tobacco and alcohol use are a well-known risk factors of laryngeal carcinoma. Race is one of the important risk factors that showed according to previous studies that Cancers of the larynx and hypopharynx are more common among African Americans and whites than among Asians and Latinos. Gastroesophageal reflux disease: GERD can cause heartburn and this condition is believed to be a risk factor for development of Laryngopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma and increase the chance of cancer of the esophagus.

Objective

The objective is to assess the incidence of laryngeal carcinoma in Palestinian and Lebanese citizens in south Lebanon.

Methods

Routine data were collected on the subjects such as smoking habits, alcohol abuse and food habits of all eligible individuals between the period of 2009 and 2015 that was diagnosed pathologically by squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx in Hammoud Hospital University Medical Center (HHUMC), which is the largest medical center in south Lebanon. The data was taken from the medical records that were available in the hospital and every patient was phone called and a brief history was taken about smoking, alcohol abuse, GERD and food habits.1‒10

Results

56 patients was diagnosed with laryngeal CA in the period between 2009 and 2015, they all was treated by total laryngectomy, 20 of them with neck dissection. 21 of them was complaining of GERD, equals 38% of the patients. They all smoked cigarettes on daily bases but every individual differ in quantity. They all used spices in their food same quality but every individual differ in quantity. Most common spices used: All spice, chili pepper, black pepper, white pepper, the seven spices (mixture of cumin, paprika, cloves, cinnamon, coriander and black pepper).11‒18

The study showed that 42 of the patients are Palestinians 75% of all patients who was diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx, although most of the populations in south Lebanon are Lebanese. Estimates of total population of Lebanon which is 4.400,000. A figure of 400,000 Palestinian refugees would mean that Palestinians constitute around 10% of the resident population of Lebanon. This means according to this study, Palestinian population has 15times more incidence of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma than Lebanese population.

Considering smoking habit; showed that Palestinian patients have a smoking rate higher than Lebanese patients. Considering alcohol abuse is equal in both races. Considering food habits showed that Palestinians uses more spices than Lebanese citizens (same quality of spices but more quantity), almost most of their food recipes have hot spices that for sure increase the risk factor of GERD that may also contribute in increasing the incidence of laryngeal cancer.19‒25

Conclusion

The study shows that Palestinians have 15 time’s higher incidence for laryngeal carcinoma than Lebanese, most probably due to difference in habits and some race difference. Palestinians have a higher incidence for laryngeal carcinoma than Lebanese. Race is a considerable risk factor and there is a strong link between race and laryngeal carcinoma.

Acknowledgments

None.

Conflicts of interest

Author declares there are no conflicts of interest.

Funding

None.

References

  1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allspice
  2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_cuisine#Lebanese_Dishes_and_Ingredients
  3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_cuisine#Types_of_meals
  4. Adams GL, Maisel RH. Malignant tumors of the larynx and hypopharynx. In: Cummings otolaryngology: head and neck surgery. Cummings CW, Flint PW, Harker LA et al. (Eds.), (4th edn), Elsevier Mosby, Philadelphia, USA. 2005. p.2222‒2283.
  5. McGraw-Hill, Lange. Malignant Laryngeal Lesions. Lawani-Current Diagnosis and Treatment in Otolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery. 2004.
  6. Flanders WD, Rothman KJ. Interaction of alcohol and tobacco in laryngeal cancer. Am J Epidemiol. 1982;115(3):371‒379.
  7. Wynder EL, Bross II, Day E. A study of environmental factors in cancer of the larynx. Cancer. 1956;9(1):86‒110.
  8. Simarak S, de Jong UW, Breslow N, et al. Cancer of the oral cavity, pharynx/larynx and lung in North Thailand: Case-control study and analysis of cigar smoke. Br J Cancer. 1977;36(1):130‒140.
  9. Kahn HA. The Dorn study of smoking and mortality among U. S. veterans: Report of eight and one-half years of observation. Natl Cancer Inst Monogr. 1966;19:1‒125.
  10. Munoz N, Correa P, Bock FG. Comparative carcinogenic effect of two types of tobacco. Cancer. 1968;21(3):376‒389.
  11. Graham S, Mettin C, Marshall J, et al. Dietary factors in the epidemiology of cancer of the larynx. Am J Epidemiol. 1981;113(6):675‒680.
  12. Rothman KJ, Cann CI, Dana Flanders W, et al. Epidemiology of laryngeal cancer. Epidemiol Rev. 1980;2:195‒209.
  13. Tuyns AJ, Audigier JC. Double wave cohort increase for oesophageal and laryngeal cancer in France in relation to reduced alcohol consumption during the Second World War. Digestion. 1976;14(3):197‒208.
  14. Tuyns AJ, Esteve J, Riboli E. Laryngeal and Pharyngeal Cancer in South-Western Europe: IARC Annual Report. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer. 1984;66‒68.
  15. La Vecchia C, Negri E, D'Avanzo B, et al. Dietary indicators of laryngeal cancer risk. Cancer Res. 1990;50(15):4497‒4500.
  16. Wynder EL, Covey LS, Mabuchi K, et al. Environmental factors in cancer of the larynx. Cancer. 1976;38(4):1591‒1601.
  17. De Stefani E, Correa P, Oreggia F, et al. Risk factors for laryngeal cancer. Cancer. 1987;60(12):3087‒3091.
  18. David SS. Abeloff's Clinical Oncology, (4th edn), International. Journal of Radiation Oncology. 2009;74(3):974.
  19. Fort Washington Head and Neck cancers.
  20. American Cancer Society. Risk Factors of Laryngeal Carcinoma.
  21. Cancer Research UK, Risk Factors of Larynx Cancer.
  22. Robin KY, William WD, Elizabeth BL, et al. Patient Time Costs Associated With Cancer Care. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2007;99(1):14‒23.
  23. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinians_in_Lebanon.
  24. Human Rights Watch. World Report 2011: Lebanon. New York: Human Rights Watch, Inc. 2011.
  25. Josh Wood. The Palestinian Long wait in Lebanon. 2011.
Creative Commons Attribution License

©2016 Hammoud, et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and build upon your work non-commercially.

Citations

Journal Menu

Useful Links