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Human Virology & Retrovirology

Editorial Volume 10 Issue 2

COVID-19 vaccine induced t-cell immunity influenced by age and comorbidities 

Attapon Cheepsattayakorn,1,2 Ruangrong Cheepsattayakorn,3 Porntep Siriwanarangsun1

1Faculty of Medicine, Western University, Thailand
210th Zonal Tuberculosis and Chest Disease Center, Thailand
3Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Thailand

Correspondence: Attapon Cheepsattayakorn, 10th Zonal Tuberculosis and Chest Disease Center, 143 Sridornchai Road Changklan Muang Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand, Tel 6653140767, 6653276364, Fax 6653140773, 6653273590

Received: May 02, 2023 | Published: May 2, 2023

Citation: Cheepsattayakorn A, Cheepsattayakorn R, Siriwanarangsun P. COVID-19 vaccine induced t-cell immunity influenced by age and comorbidities. J Hum Virol Retrovirol. 2023;10(2):40-41. DOI: 10.15406/jhvrv.2023.10.00263

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Editorial

Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in Wuhan, China in 2019 and caused coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and more than 1.4 million deaths, as of July 22, 2021.1 Severe form of infection is associated with respiratory distress syndrome, pneumonia, myocarditis, renal injury, gastrointestinal, testicular, ophthalmic, central-nervous-system diseases, etc.2 SARS-CoV-2, spherical form, diameter of 125 nm., and a single positive-strand-ribonucleic acid (RNA) is rapidly spread in animals and humans.3 S-protein of the surface of virus is most important for virus-host cell binding, fusion and host cell entry through the cellular Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) and finally infect the host cell,4 in addition to the sixteen non-structural proteins, and eight accessory proteins.5

In previous animal studies, protection from SAR-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection contributed from both cellular and humoral immune responses. Most COVID-19 mRNA vaccine studies have concentrated on post-immunization-humoral-response characterization.6–10 Alpha, Delta variant strains, and original Wuhan strain contributes an association between protection against COVID-19 and antibody (humoral) level, detected by previous studies.11–13 With greater magnitude of CD4+ cells, compared with CD8+ T cells, persist-at-least-6-month-post-immunization-SARS-CoV-2-mRNA-vaccine-induced-cellular-immunity was evidenced by SARS-CoV-2-Spike-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cells.14–16 Both cellular and humoral SARS-CoV-2 Spike Specific immune responses of the adaptive immune system rises with each vaccine dose, whereas progressively reduce with higher comorbidity prevalence and older age (Figure 1).17 A previous study demonstrated lower spike-protein antibody levels in individuals with medical conditions and those with 50 years of age and older in double Sino pharm vaccinated group, whereas a booster dose of Pfizer/BioNTechBNT162b2 vaccine critically increased spike-protein antibody levels.18

Figure 1

  1. SARS-CoV-2 Spike-specific CD4 + T cells at day 0 (blue), 21 (red), and 90 (brown) (n = 286, 460, and 462, respectively). 
  2. SARS-CoV-2 Spike-specific CD8 + T cells at day 0 (blue), 21 (red), and 90 (brown) (n = 272, 444, and 449, respectively). Data was compared using unpaired, non-parametric Mann–Whitney U-test. Error bars show the distribution within 1.5 times IQR.17

Conclusion

In conclusion, overall cross-reactive T cell responses against different SARS-CoV-2-variants of concern (VOC) in both previously infected and infection-naïve HCWs. For different VOC, COVID-19 booster vaccinations induce neutralizing antibody and strong T cell responses and the presence of T cell responses against SARS-CoV-2 VOC indicate that vaccine-induced T cell immunity contributes cross-reactive protection.

Acknowledgments

None.

Funding

None.

Conflicts of interest

Author declares that there is no conflict of interest.

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