Left-Sided Accessory Pathways with Atrioventricular Node-Like Properties in the Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome

doi:10.15406/jccr.2015.04.00145

Journal of

eISSN: 2373-4396

Cardiology & Current Research

Editorial Volume 4 Issue 3

Left-Sided Accessory Pathways with Atrioventricular Node-Like Properties in the Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome

Osmar Antonio Centurión

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Department of Health Sciences?s Investigation, Sanatorio Metropolitano, Fernando de la Mora, Paraguay

Correspondence: Osmar Antonio Centurión, Professor of Medicine, Asuncion National University, Department of Health Sciencess Investigation, Sanatorio Metropolitano, Teniente Ettiene 215 c/ Ruta Mariscal Estigarribia, Fernando de la Mora, Paraguay

Received: December 21, 2015 | Published: December 30, 2015

Citation: Centurión OA (2015) Left-Sided Accessory Pathways with Atrioventricular Node-Like Properties in the Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome . J Cardiol Curr Res 4(3): 00145. DOI: 10.15406/jccr.2015.04.00145

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Editorial

Unlike the conduction through the normal atrioventricular (AV) nodal pathway, the conduction over an accessory pathway (AP) in the Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome usually occurs at a constant interval in its anterograde and retrograde direction.^1-5 Nevertheless, the presence of AP with long conduction times and decremental conduction was also clearly demonstrated.^6,7 AV node-like conduction over an AP was mainly associated with the presence of Mahaim fibers and the permanent form of junctional reciprocating tachycardia.^8-10 Posteroseptal AP had the highest incidences of anterograde and retrograde decremental conduction. However, decremental conduction seldom occurred in both the anterograde and retrograde directions within the same AP.¹¹ Although, most of the reported cases of AP with decremental conduction were in right-sided pathways, we have previously demonstrated in the study of 55 patients with left-sided AP,¹² that 7% of anterograde conduction and 15% of retrograde conduction had decremental conduction over the AP with a maximal decrement of ≥30 ms.¹² Nevertheless, we have found that an additional 27% of the left-sided AP in the anterograde direction, and 29% in the retrograde direction had minimal decremental conduction of less than 30 ms.¹² Therefore, our electrophysiological studies revealed that it is not uncommon to observe minimal decremental conduction over left-sided AP, and stress that care should be taken in the evaluation of conduction over these connections.

An interesting question that comes to mind is where does the prolongation in conduction occur, at the atrial or ventricular junction to the AP? In this regard, O`Callaghan WG et al.,¹³ demonstrated AP decremental properties at both the ventricular and atrial connections of the AP of a patient with WPW syndrome by means of standard bipolar electrode recordings.¹³ Retrograde block was observed at the distal site, namely, at the AP-atrial junction after a prolongation of 10 ms occurred at this site. These are findings that support the concept of “impedence mismatch” as the cause of conduction block, and additionally support our findings of minimal decremental conduction within the AP.¹⁴

Although decremental conduction seldom occurred in a bilateral direction within the same AP, Nakamura K et al.¹⁵ recently published a very interesting paper of a unique case with a posterolateral left-sided AP with anterograde and retrograde decremental conduction associated with the coronary sinus musculature.¹⁵ They observed interesting electrogram recordings throughout the electrophysiological study prior to ablation. During sinus rhythm or atrial pacing before AP ablation, they recorded continuous low-amplitude and fragmented electrograms between the coronary sinus musculature and the left ventricle along the coronary sinus suggesting the presence of a conduction delay at this interface.¹⁵ Of interest, was the fact that the anterograde conduction between the coronary sinus musculature and the left ventricle was so slow that resulted in the absence of pre-excitation during sinus rhythm despite the continuous presence of anterograde AP conduction.¹⁵ In a retrospective study, Murdock CJ et al.¹¹ arbitrarily defined decremental conduction over the AP as a rate dependent prolongation of atrial-delta wave or VA intervals by more than 30 ms.¹¹ With this definition in mind, they found an incidence of decremental AP of 7.6%, which is very similar to the incidence we found in anterograde conduction in left-sided AP, namely 7%.¹² They have found that the highest incidence of anterograde decremental conduction was observed in right parietal pathways, and left parietal pathways had the highest incidence of retrograde decremental conduction.¹¹ They also found that decremental conduction was present in one direction only, while it was absent in the other. However, like in the case of Nakamura K et al.¹⁵ we observed that 4 out of 55 patients (8%) with left-sided AP demonstrated both anterograde and retrograde decremental conduction.¹² In addition, we found that the anterograde decremental conduction zone was 91±55 ms. The retrograde decremental conduction zone was 72±47 ms. The comparison of maximal ventriculoatrial conduction time with the maximal decrement revealed a positive correlation (r =0.63; p<0.01).¹⁰ Moreover, we have found a significant inverse correlation between the AP effective refractory period and the maximal decrement (r =0.42; p<0.05). These findings are very important since they may reflect slow conduction of early extra stimuli during partial recovery of AP excitability. The shorter the AP effective refractory period is, the higher the probability for decremental conduction to occur.¹² This may account for the fact that none of our patients with intermittent WPW syndrome presented with decremental conduction, since all of them had longer AP refractory periods.¹²

The magnitude of the prolongation of the conduction through the AP is related to refractoriness, anatomical and electrophysiological factors. Conduction time over the AP depends on fiber orientation, on the conduction velocity, and on the length and geometry of the AP.^12-17 The most likely explanation for AP decremental conduction is slow and anisotropic conduction across a tortuous AP and through its connections to the atrial and ventricular myocardium.¹⁸ Several possible mechanisms for decremental conduction over an AP have been proposed. First, since AP located in close proximity to the AV node had the highest incidence of decremental conduction, this fact raises the possibility that the pathway is an AV node-like structure.^19,20 Indeed, AV node-like cells were identified in pathological studies in some patients with AP that demonstrated decremental conduction. Second, AP geometry and fiber orientation may play a role in decremental conduction over the pathway.²¹ This fact may also explain why there is decremental conduction in one direction but not in the other. AP histological studies in patients with the permanent form of junctional reciprocating tachycardia showed a tortuous course of the AP with a concomitant change in axial resistance, providing further support that AP orientation may play a role in decremental conduction.²² Third, role for impedance mismatch between the accessory pathway and the atrium or ventricle has also been suggested as the cause of conduction delay and block.¹⁴

Conclusion

In conclusion, our previously reported data revealed in left-sided AP that there is a significant inverse correlation between the AP effective refractory period and the maximal decrement, which may reflect slow conduction of early extra stimuli during partial recovery of AP excitability. Indeed, the shorter the AP effective refractory period is, the higher the probability for decremental conduction to occur in left-sided AP. And, that minimal decremental conduction over left-sided AP is not an uncommon finding and stress that care should be taken in evaluation of conduction over these connections.