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Case Report Volume 9 Issue 4
Iatrogenic Perforation of the Left Ventricle Following Chest Drain Insertion
Abdullah J Alsaiedi,1 José Andres Fernandez,2 Mazhar Ur Rehman,3 Saad Al Bugami4
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1MD Cardiology Fellow, King Faisal Cardiac Centre, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz Medical City, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
2MD, Consultant Cardiac Anaesthesia, King Faisal Cardiac Centre, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
3MD, FRCS, FRCS-CTh, Consultant Cardiac Surgery, King Faisal Cardiac Centre, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
4MD, FACC, FSCAI, Consultant Adult Congenital and Structural Heart Disease Intervention, King Faisal Cardiac Centre, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz Medical City, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Correspondence: Saad Al Bugami, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University, King Abdulaziz Medical City, King Faisal Cardiac center, Jeddah 21423, Saudi Arabia, Tel 966505516952
Received: July 26, 2017 | Published: August 10, 2017
Citation: Alsaiedi AJ, Fernandez JA, Rehman MU, Bugami SA (2017) Iatrogenic Perforation of the Left Ventricle Following Chest Drain Insertion. J Cardiol Curr Res 9(4): 00332. DOI: 10.15406/jccr.2017.09.00332
Abstract
Tube thoracotomy placement is a standard procedure for the treatment of pneumothorax and pleural effusions. It’s a safe and efficient procedure when correctly done under appropriate indication and technique. Reported complications include infection, vascular injury with bleeding, and injury to the lung, liver, diaphragm, stomach, spleen and heart. We report a rare complication of left ventricle perforation after chest drain placement and the role of transthoracic echocardiography with contrast in the early diagnosis of this serious complication.
Keywords:complication of chest drain, left ventricle perforation, pleural effusion
Case history
57- year-old women underwent 2 vessel coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), Mechanical mitral valve replacement and tricuspid valve repair. She required a chest drain insertion for worsening left sided pleural effusion this was done in the surgical intensive care unit using a 12 F pig tail. Shortly following the insertion she started to become breathless and hemodynamically compromised with a drop of her blood pressure and oxygen saturation. It was noted that the chest drain was draining frank blood which was clamped. Chest x-ray revealed an abnormal position of the drain across the heart (Figure 1). Bed side echocardiogram showed the drain traversing the left ventricle (Figure 2). Bubble study through the chest drain showed contrast bubbles inside the left ventricle confirming position of the drain and perforation of the left ventricle (Figure 3). The drain was kept in situ. She was taken to the operating theatre for an emergency left thoracotomy. It appeared that the drain was penetrating the left lung and the left ventricle (Figure 4).
Figure 1 Chest X- ray showing the chest tube crossing the heart.
Figure 2 Arrow points to the chest tube drain traversing the left ventricle.
Figure 3 Bubbles inside the left ventricle to ascertain position of the chest drain.
Figure 4 Left thoracotomy showing the chest tube drain penetrating the left lung and the left ventricle.
The chest drain was removed and closure of the left ventricle perforation was secured with pledgets. She was observed in surgical intensive unit for a few days. Postoperative course was unremarkable she was later discharged home.
Discussion
Chest drain insertion is a commonly used invasive procedure for managing pneumothorax and draining the pleural cavity. It is also performed for patients with pleural effusion and Empyema.1 It is widely used throughout the medical, surgical, and critical care specialities. It may be associated with certain complications such as infection, bleeding, and injury to the adjacent organs.2 Major complications to the lung, heart, great vessels or other vital organs caused by a chest tube insertion may reach 30% but are rare in the hands of experienced physicians.3 A heart perforation during chest drain placement is a very rare complication that, to our knowledge, has been described in only ten publications to date.4 Only three of the ten published heart perforations survived.
Major complications, including laceration or perforation of major organs, are usually related to trochar usage and improper blind technique and failing to identify important landmarks for insertion. The insertion should be done within the safety triangle, which is marked by the anterior border of the latissimus dorsi muscle, the lateral border of the pectoralis major, a horizontal line above nipple level, and an apex below the axilla.1 Most cardiac injuries during the procedure were related to anatomic distortion such as post-pneumonectomy, extreme kyphoscoliosis, and cardiomegaly.5‒8 Our patient had marked cardiomegaly which made the left heart border close to the chest wall another factor was the avoidance of the use of image guidance.
It was proposed that the safest way to place a small-sized chest drain correctly is by using image guidance by ultrasound or computed tomography. If however the heart is perforated, the drain must be clamped and computed tomography be obtained immediately as long as the patient is in a stable hemodynamic condition. If the patient is hemodynamically unstable then a transthoracic echocardiography with contrast would be great diagnostic modality as in this situation by demonstration of “bubbles” in the perforated cardiac chamber following agitated saline injection through the chest drain. Emergency thoracotomy is the treatment of choice in this type of complication.
Conclusion
The insertion of chest drain is a safe procedure when introduced correctly and under image guidance. We believe it’s mandatory to identify anatomical land mark and use image guidance to avoid catastrophic complication even when using a small sized drain in non-life threating situation.
Acknowledgments
None.
Funding
None.
Conflicts of interest (If present, give more details)
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
References
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- Collop NA, Kim S, Sahn SA. Analysis of tube thoracostomy performed by pulmonologists at a teaching hospital. Chest. 1997;112(3):709‒713.
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- Dongmin Kim, Seong-Hoon Lim, Pil Won Seo. Iatrogenic Perforation of the Left Ventricle during Insertion of a Chest Drain. Korean J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2013;46(3):223‒225.
- Asopa S, Iyenger S, Lloyd CT, et al. Accidental perforation of the left ventricle with a Bonannocatheter. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2009;137(4):1023‒1024.
- Goltz JP, Gorski A, Bohler J, et al. Iatrogenic perforation of the left heart during placement of a chest drain. Diagn Interv Radiol. 2011;17(3):229‒231.
- Kopec SE, Conlan AA, Irwin RS. Perforation of the right ventricle: a comlication of blind placement of a chest tube into the postpneumonectomy space. Chest. 1998; 114(4):1213‒1215.
- Meisel S, Ram Z, Priel I, et al. Another complication of thoracostomy: perforation of the right atrium. Chest . 1990;98(3):772‒773.
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