Atypical presentation of acute aortic dissection: a case report

doi:10.15406/jccr.2020.13.00486

Journal of

eISSN: 2373-4396

Cardiology & Current Research

Case Report Volume 13 Issue 4

Atypical presentation of acute aortic dissection: a case report

Diego Abreo,¹

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Giovanny Moncayo,² Tatiana Arroyave,³ Gabriel Caicedo⁴

¹Department of Emergency Medicine, Hospital Pablo Tobon Uribe, Colombia
²Department of Emergency Medicine, Clinica CES, Colombia
³Department of General Physician, Hospital Pablo Tobón Uribe, Colombia
⁴Department of Emergency Medicine, Universidad CES, Colombia

Correspondence: Diego Abreo, Specialist in Emergency Medicine. Hospital Pablo Tobon Uribe, Colombia , Tel +57 3188370838

Received: May 13, 2020 | Published: August 28, 2020

Citation: Abreo D, Moncayo G, Arroyave T, et al. Atypical presentation of acute aortic dissection: a case report. J Cardiol Curr Res. 2020;13(4):107-108. DOI: 10.15406/jccr.2020.13.00486

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Abstract

We present the clinical case of an 80-year-old woman admitted to the emergency department with jaw pain and acute neurovascular impairment with right arm monoparesis, pulse deficit and pallor of the limb, without chest pain as a cardinal symptom. The history of arterial hypertension, aortic stenosis, and clinical manifestation suggested an acute vascular compromise, for which acute aortic syndrome (AAS) was suspected. Chest x- rays revealed mediastinal widening; angio-CT scan confirmed type-A aortic dissection affecting the right subclavian artery (thrombosis). The patient passed away after expectant non-surgical management.

Keywords: acute aortic dissection, acute aortic syndrome, thrombosis, chest X-rays, vascular affection, anti-impulse therapy

Abbreviations

AAD, acute aortic dissection; AAS, acute aortic syndrome; AD, aortic dissection; IRAD, international registry of acute aortic dissection

Introduction

Acute aortic dissection (AAD) is a vascular emergency with high mortality; prompt detection from emergency services is important based on the likelihood according to risk factors and clinical presentation, which is not always limited to chest pain. The angio-CT scan is of great importance to define the diagnosis and surgical management in most cases. Conservative treatment of AAD, as in this case, has a high mortality rate. This report demonstrates the variety of the presentation of the acute aortic syndrome.

Clinical case

A 80-year-old female patient with past medical history of arterial hypertension, hypothyroidism, chronic lung disease, hiatal hernia, and moderate aortic stenosis was admitted to the emergency department for one hour of evolution of pain in the submandibular region and the right arm, with loss of strength in this limb, without dyspnea or chest pain. Physical examination revealed hypotension, without altered consciousness or tachycardia, right arm with decreased force, coldness, weak radial pulse, and prolonged capillary refill, adequate femoral pulses, and normal cardiopulmonary auscultation. Acute aortic pathology was suspected; chest X-rays showed mediastinal widening; due to the high probability and clinical suspicion of an acute aortic syndrome (AAS), an angio-CT scan was requested, showing type-A aortic dissection with involvement of the right subclavian artery (thrombosis) and the brachiocephalic trunk. The patient was referred to another institution for assessment by cardiovascular surgery, who analyzed the case and due to the patient’s comorbidities, age, and extension of the vascular affection; non-surgical expectant management was decided. She remained in ICU for 24 hours. The next day, the patient presented a convulsive episode, followed by cardiorespiratory arrest. No CPR maneuvers were performed due to previous dissent; the patient died (Figure 1).

Figure 1 Angio-CT scan: Type- A aortic dissection that extends to the right brachiocephalic trunk. Thrombosis of the right subclavian artery. Evidence of atherosclerosis, hiatal hernia, simple hepatic cysts, fatty liver, right renal cyst with calcified walls, and simple cyst in the left kidney

Discussion

Acute aortic syndrome (AAS) encompasses aortic dissection (AD), intramural hematoma and aortic ulcer, the former being the most prevalent, up to 80%.^1,2 It may also be due to traumatic causes, constituting the second cause of mortality in about 80% of the subjects.^3,4 The dissection can be classified into two groups: Stanford type A and B, with the first one involving the ascending aorta, and the second one confined to the descending part; and the DeBakey classification with type 1 that involves the entire extension of the aorta, type 2 the ascending portion, and type 3 is limited to the descending aorta.⁵ The most known risk factors for the appearance of this condition are atherosclerosis, smoking, dyslipidemia, cardiac surgery, autoimmunity, connective tissue disease, cardiovascular family history, valvulopathy, and in more than 70%, arterial hypertension.

In the IRAD study (International Registry of Acute Aortic Dissection) conducted in 12 reference centers, it was observed that the clinical presentation of patients with AD is protean, evidencing that chest pain occurs in 72.2% of patients;⁶ for Spanish surveys such as RESA, this symptom presented in 95.9%;¹ the sudden onset of symptoms occurred in 95.5%, back pain 53%, abdominal pain 29%, and syncope (14% in RESA and 9.4% in IRAD studies). Recent publications describe increased neurological manifestations with respect to previous studies: 17% are limb motor deficits, being these manifestations more persistent in type-A dissection.

The most frequent clinical findings in the IRAD study were the presence of aortic murmur (31.6%) and pulse deficit in 15% of the cases. In the present report, the patient was diagnosed under neurological findings; according to the literature, this type of manifestations correspond to less than 10% of the cases, including: syncope, coma, dysphonia, spinal cord injury or cerebrovascular accident,⁶ most of these are transient (in 15-40% of the cases) and explained by four physiopathological mechanisms: poor perfusion, hypotension, distal thromboembolism, and compression of peripheral nerves.⁵ The ischemic neuropathy of the limbs secondary to poor perfusion is mainly due to subclavian and femoral involvement in up to 10%.⁵ For European publications, the neurological deficit occurs in the same proportion but includes 8% of patients who present with pain in one limb.^1,5

The diagnosis of the SAA proposed by AHA in 2010⁷ is based initially on the pre-test probability according to the risk factors, the characteristics of the pain, and the clinical examination; the presence of two or more of these factors constitute a high probability, being necessary an imaging request; they initially recommend transthoracic echocardiography followed by an angio-CT scan. Patients with low probability require additional studies such as chest X-rays and D-dimer.^5,7 X-rays may be normal in 21% of cases.⁶ Angio-CT scan is the gold standard for diagnosis.⁵

The importance of knowing this entity lies in the variability of the presentation along with the morbidity and mortality that it comprises; type-A dissections are considered the most common according to the IRAD survey, corresponding to 62%; and of these, those that undergo surgery have an in-hospital mortality of 26% against 58% in those that receive medical treatment (due to comorbidities, age or rejection of surgical management). Type-B dissection has a mortality rate of 31% in surgical management versus 10% under medical management.⁶ The early recognition of this pathology depends on the clinical suspicion of the physicians in the emergency department; there are reports that demonstrate that this pathology only occurs in up to 15% of patients as the first diagnostic impression;⁸ in 85 % of the cases, the diagnosis is delayed. Other publications report that up to 40% of patients are not diagnosed with the initial symptom.^2,9,10 Surgical complications include spinal cord injury (6.8%), stroke (9%), mesenteric ischemia (4.9%), and acute kidney injury (19%). Endovascular management is another invasive method that is used for type-B dissection and carries similar surgical risks.¹¹

Medical management is based on anti-impulse therapy consisting of management in high-dependency units, pain control, and mainly stabilization of heart rate and blood pressure, seeking for goals of 60 to 80 beats per minute and 100-120mmHg of systolic blood pressure.⁶ The drugs of choice for analgesia are opioids and beta-blockers such as esmolol or labetalol to control blood pressure and heart rate.

Conclusion

These atypical manifestations of the case are presented to inform the key professionals for the diagnosis of this cardiovascular emergency, whose manifestation is not always the usual; and, in this way, to be able to establish prompt management, impacting on the morbidity and mortality of the patients.