Review Article Volume 3 Issue 5
Mechanical Engineering Department, KN Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
Correspondence: Shahnazari MR, Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Eng, KN Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Tel 9821-8406-42254
Received: September 19, 2018 | Published: November 8, 2018
Citation: Shahnazari MR, Saberi A. Analysis of the interface between two immiscible fluids in porous media considering special cases. Int J Petrochem Sci Eng. 2018;3(5):182-186. DOI: 10.15406/ipcse.2018.03.00093
Analysis of the interface between two immiscible fluids in porous media is considered as a classic problem with numerous industrial applications. Interface between two fluids could be unstable. In addition to defining dimensionless equations for a generalized geometry, this study developed equations for special cases. For the problem in one dimension, linear steady state analysis was done and it is indicated that steady state condition is maintained as long as the density of the upper fluid is less than the density of the lower fluid. By using the "K-Method", an analytical solution of the Boussinesq equation is presented and the results for constant and linear flux are obtained and discussed. Considering a Power-law flux at the origin and dimensional analysis, the drilling mud invasion into a permeable aquifer problems becomes a nonlinear boundary value problem that have been investigated in this paper. The obtained results show that the K-Method has a good ability for investigation of B-L problems such as this solved problem.
Keywords: interface, immiscible fluids, porous media, kourosh method, boussinesq equation
Evolution of the interface between two immiscible fluids is one of the most complicated problems in the fluid dynamics. The major complicity of this problem is due to difficulty of an explicitly closed that describe the interface movement. Parameter h denote the interface position is to deduce the close differential equation for the function h(x, y, t)h(x, y, t) , xx and yy are the coordinates in horizontal plate, tt is the time variable and h(x,y,t)h(x,y,t) is the thickness of the lower fluid.
The behavior of the stratified pair "gas-oil" or "oil-water" natural gas-oil reservoir, can be describe by the thickness of the lower fluid, on the modeling of this function h and then for an optimized recovery, it is absolutely necessary to have an appreciate modeling.1 Whitham2 has considered the case that the viscous force for both fluids can be neglected. Also the case when one of the two fluids is inviscid (like as in water-oil flow investigation in Shallow water theory or ground water flow) have been investigated by Dagan,3 Bear4 and Barenblatt.5 In ground water hydrology, Boussinesq models are involved to describe radial flow from or to well.6,7 Axisymmetric flow is a feature of ground water systems subject to pumping.8,9 Invasion of drilling fluid into a permeable bed is an example of involving pumping problems.10,12 Dussan12 has been investigated the axisymmetric Boussinesq model by similarity variable approach. An early investigation of drilling mud invasion into a permeable aquifer has been provided by Doll.13 Calugaru1 proposed a generalized model for description of evolution of the interface between two immiscible fluids in porous media.
Tang14 studied transient groundwater flow in an unconfined aquifer subject to a constant water variation at the sloping water-land boundary. To characterize the transient groundwater flow, they presented a novel approximate solution to the 1-D Boussinesq equation. They applied the proposed method to various hydrological problems and showed that it can achieve desirable precisions, even in the cases with strong nonlinearity. Bartlet15 introduced a class of solutions of the nonlinear Boussinesq equation with source/sink terms. They applied their new solution to sloping aquifers and analytical results capture hysteresis between the groundwater level and groundwater flow rate as a function of hillslope characteristics. Lu16 suggested a homotopy analysis method (HAM) to solve the generalized Boussinesq equation. Due to the two-degree approximate solution of the variable coefficient Boussinesq equation, they showed that the homotopy perturbation method is effective to solve the variable solution equations. Bansal17 developed a new analytical solution of 2-dimensional linearized Boussinesq equation for approximation of subsurface seepage flow in confined and unconfined aquifers under varying hydrological conditions. He showed that the vertical flow through the base of the aquifer is an important factor in the determination of groundwater mound and cone of depression. Telyakovskiy18 modeled water injection at a single well in an unconfined aquifer by the Boussinesq equation with cylindrical symmetry. By introducing similarity variables, they reduced the original problem to a boundary-value problem for an ordinary differential equation. Their approximate solution incorporated both a singular part to model the behavior near the well and a polynomial part to model the behavior in the far field.
The problem of invasion by drilling fluid into a permeable empty bed solved by Li.19 They used the similarity variable and reduced the axisymmetric Boussinesq equation to a nonlinear ordinary differential equation. Their solution which was a sum of a singular term and a Taylor expansion at the wetting front was demonstrated to be highly accurate. Mortensen20 considered the same problem21 in spherical coordinates with the prescribed power law point source boundary condition. They constructed an approximate similarity solution to a nonlinear diffusion equation in spherical coordinates. In this paper, first, the general dimension equation for interface position between two immiscible fluids in porous media has been presented. Then, the instability of this equation for one dimensional case by considering a self-similar solution and using the perturbation method has been investigated. And finally, an accurate solution to axisymmetric Boussinesq problem has been obtained. Also, in order to describe deformations of the interface separating two immiscible fluids in porous media, a system of partial differential equations which are true on either sides of the interface is required.
Theory
Figure 1 represents the generalized geometry of the problem in an orthogonal coordinate system. The initial position of the interface between two immiscible fluids is identified as initial assumed value of toto .When the flow is initiated by a driving force; changes of the interface are specified as a function of space ˉx¯x , ˉy¯y and time ˉt¯t .
Porous media is assumed homogeneous with constant porosity and isentropic. Permeability tensor for such media could be considered a diagonal matrix. By determining the characteristic length of LL for horizontal scale and characteristic height of HH , the dimensionless equation of changes of the surface could be written as follow [2]:
(tel∂∂t−∇xy)(h2+δ21trt3Kzh2∂h∂t+δ2Pr)=−trter∂h∂t (tel∂∂t−∇xy)(h2+δ21trt3Kzh2∂h∂t+δ2Pr)=−trter∂h∂t (1)
(telμr∂∂t−∇xy)(−∅2+δ21ρrtrt3Kzμrδo∅2∂∅∂t+δ2δoρrP)=−ρrδotrtelμr∂h∂t(telμr∂∂t−∇xy)(−∅2+δ21ρrtrt3Kzμrδo∅2∂∅∂t+δ2δoρrP)=−ρrδotrtelμr∂h∂t (2)
∅=−δoh+δo+1∅=−δoh+δo+1 (3)
Where dimensionless parameters are specified as below:
x=ˉxL, y=ˉyL, h=ˉhhox=¯xL, y=¯yL, h=¯hho
δo=ˉh0ˉH−ˉho,δ1=ˉh0L , δ2=2ˉP0ˉρgˉh0δo=¯h0¯¯¯¯H−¯ho,δ1=¯h0L , δ2=2¯¯¯P0¯ρg¯h0
Pr=ˉPPo, ρr=ˉρIˉρII, μr=ˉμIˉμII , Kr=ˉKzˉkxPr=¯¯¯PPo, ρr=¯ρI¯ρII, μr=¯¯μI¯¯μII , Kr=¯¯¯¯Kz¯kx (4)
ˉtel=ˉμLˉL2ˉKx, tgr=2μIεˉL2ˉKxˉρIgˉh0, ¯tel=¯¯μL¯¯¯L2¯¯¯¯Kx, tgr=2μIε¯¯¯L2¯¯¯¯Kx¯ρIg¯h0, tel=ˉtelˉtc, tr=2εˉρgˉh0=ˉtgrˉteltel=¯tel¯tc, tr=2ε¯ρg¯h0=¯tgr¯tel
In these equations subscripts I and II stand for fluid one and fluid two, respectively. In addition, superscript "-" stands for vector quantities and subscript rr stands for the ratio of the two similar quantities. teltel and tgrtgr indicate the time of propagation of an elastic disturbance, respectively, and the time needed for the media to be filled with gravity flow of the fluid one and tc is the characteristic time.
For situations in which the time of propagation of the elastic wave, compared to tgr , is very short, general Equation 3 could be written as follows:
∇xy(h+δ213Kzh2∂h∂t+δ2P)=∂h∂t (4)
∇xy(−∅2+δ1ρr3Kzμrδo∅2∂∅∂t+δ2δoρrP)=−ρrδoμr∂∅∂t (5)
∅=−δoh+δo+1
Time and considering the fact that tel≪tgr . Relative time of tr would be significantly less than 1. By substituting h for ∅ and eliminating P from the two equations, the system could be revised as a single equation of the coefficient h.
∇xy(telμr∂∂t−∇xy)(h2−2(δo+1)δo+ρrh+δ21ρr3Kz(δo+ρr)[h2+1μrδo(1+δo−δoh)2]∂h∂t) =ρr(δo+μr)μr(δo+ρr)∂h∂t (6)
By substituting μr→∞ , ρr→∞ and δo→0 in a problem containing one fluid with free boundary, Equation (6) could be written as follows:
∇xy(h2+δ21ρr3Kz(δo+ρr)h2∂h∂t)=∂h∂t (7)
One of the applications of Equation (7) is in cases where the height of the porous layer can be considered negligible in comparison to the horizontal length. In such a case δ1≪1 and as a result h can be expressed as a series based on δ21/3Kz powers.
In limit conditions, by ignoring the term (δ21ρr/3Kz)h2(∂h/∂t) , the Equation (7) will turn into the Boussinesq equation.
∇xy(h2)=∂h∂t (8)
Equation (8) is known as the classic equation of "Shallow Water Flow" theory in porous media. To model the diffusion of drilling fluid in porous media surrounding a circular well (Figure 2), Eq. (8)is given by:
1r∂∂r(rh∂h∂r)=∂h∂t (9)
where r=ˉr/ro and ro is considered to be the characteristic radius. Equation (6) for porous layer with negligible thickness compared to horizontal characteristic length could be indicated as follows:
∇xy(h2−2(δo+1)(δo+ρr)h)=∂h∂t (10)
This equation points out the position of the interface between two immiscible fluids in porous media with insignificant height compared to its characteristic length, in x and y directions.
Analyzing the equation and instability
For a one-dimensional flow, Equation (10) changes into a parabolic equation. By considering new independent variable η=x/√t , following ordinary differential equation (ODE) could be substituted:
d2dη2(h2−2(δo+1)δo+ρrh)=−h2ρr(δo+μr)μr(δo+ρr)∂h∂η (11)
The first point about Equation (11) is attained by investigating the linear stability. By considering h=ˉh+εδh where ˉh a non-disturbance response of the equation is, it could simply be given as:
2(h−γ)δ"h=−12ηδ'h (12)
H″=−η4(1−γ)δ'h (13)
The domain of disturbance and is equal to (δo+1)/(δo+ρr) . Therefore, to limit the amount of δh for infinite time period, γ should possess measures below one, in other words, ρII should be less than ρI , ( ρII≤ρI ). As a result, if the upper fluid is heavier than the lower fluid, instability phenomenon occurs.
Similarity solution of boussinesq equation
By introducing the similarity variable η=r/t1+α4 and relation h=tα−12f(η)N2 ,5 Equation (9) could be written as follows:
(α+14)η2dfdη−(α−1)2f+1ηddη(ηfdfdη) (14)
A power-law flux has been considered at the origin where the power is related to the parameter α [5]:
q=2πrh(∂h∂r)r=0=2πtα−1[ηffη]η=0N4 (15)
Dussan12 disclosed that state α=1.2 indicates filtrate invasion state in special physical problem. α=1 Discusses the problem with constant flux, while α=2 is linearly dependent to the increase in flux with respect to time. With respect to front position (ro) , N is given by:5
N=rotα+14 (16)
In this paper the "K-method" has been applied to solve the Equation (14) by adding and removing the term (α+1/2)ηf to this equation. The new form of equation would be obtained as follows:21
(α+14)(η2f)'−(ηff′)'=αηf (17)
[(ηf)f′+α+14η(ηf)]η1=η∫1αηfdη (18)
And as for η1=1 , f equals 0:
{f'+(α+14)η=Kηf∫α(ηf)dηK→1 (19)
Where K is the K-method parameter and possesses measures between 0 and 1. For K→1 , response of the Equation (19) and (15) would be the same. With regard to the series 1/ηf , it could be indicated that:
1ηf=1ηfo−Kf1ηf2o+K2f21−fof2ηf3o+… Kαηfη∫1ηfdη=K(1ηfo)η∫1αηfodη+K2[1ηfoη∫1αηf1dη−f1ηf2oη∫1αηfodη]+… (20)
or
{f'o+(α+14)η=0 f1(1)=0 fo(1)=0f'1=(1ηfo)η∫1αηfodη f1(1)=0 f'2=1ηfoη∫1αηf1dη−f1ηf2oη∫1αηfodη f2(1)=0 (21)
By implementing simple mathematical operations, results of the Equation (21) could be defined as three following statements:
fo(η)=−18(1+α)(η2−1)
f1(η)=18α(η2−1)−α4logx (22)
f2(η)=π2α224(1+α) +α2[(−logx−12log(x)2+logxlog(1+x)−polylog(2,2x)+polylog(2,−x))]/(2+2α)
Regarding the Equation (15) the amount of flux accumulation could be written as follows:
t∫0αdt=Ctα (23)
Where C is the constant standing for flux accumulation and equals:
C=2πN41∫0ηfdη (24)
Thus, characteristic radius ro and interface between the two fluids could be indicated with respect to C as follows:
r4o=Ctα+12π∫10ηfdη (25)
h=(C2π∫10ηdη)tαf(η) (26)
Considering the importance of the amount of 1∫0ηfdη in assessing variables of the problem and relations obtained from Equation (21), this integral could be solved with respect to α .
1∫0ηfdη=132+α1+(4−π2/3)16(1+α) (27)
This study generally represents the function f(η)/(1+α) as the solution of Equation (14). Figure 3 compares the obtained results with both the numerical results and the results obtained by Li et al19 in α=1 . Also, in Figure 4, the f(η)/(1+α) is presented with regards to the various values of η and α . In view of the significance of amount ∫fdη2/1+α in evaluating the position of the interface, Figure 5 compares assessed amount of this variable in this study with results obtained from numerical solutions.
General model for interface between two immiscible fluids in porous media especially for case that elastic perturbation are propagating very faster than gravity perturbation have been investigated. Stability analysis of the Boussinesq equation as governing equation in this case has been done. The result showed that gravity is unstable if the lower fluid is lighter. Also the Boussinesq equation for dynamic movement of interface between two immiscible fluids has been solved by the K-Method. With a Power-law flux at the origin and dimensional analysis, the drilling mud invasion into a permeable aquifer problems becomes a nonlinear boundary value problem that have been investigated in this paper. The obtained results show that the K-Method has a good ability for investigation of B-L problems such as this solved problem.
None.
The author declares that there is no conflict of interest.
©2018 Shahnazari, et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and build upon your work non-commercially.