Case of HIV infection acquired by pre-mastication: first reported pediatric case in Chile

doi:10.15406/ipcb.2020.06.00191

International Journal of

eISSN: 2574-9889

Pregnancy & Child Birth

Case Report Volume 6 Issue 2

Case of HIV infection acquired by pre-mastication: first reported pediatric case in Chile

Elba Wu Hupat,

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Yenis Labraña Cornejo, Ana María Alvarez, Julia Villarroel

West School of Medicine, University of Chile, Chile

Correspondence: Elba Wu Hupat, West School of Medicine, University of Chile, Miraflores 686, Appt. 501, Santiago, Chile

Received: February 15, 2020 | Published: March 11, 2020

Citation: Hupat EW, Cornejo YL, Alvarez AM, et al. Case of HIV infection acquired by pre-mastication: first reported pediatric case in Chile. Int J Pregn and Chi Birth 2020;6(2):32-33. DOI: 10.15406/ipcb.2020.06.00191

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Summary

In Chile, the incorporation of the protocol for the prevention of vertical transmission (VTPP) of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in pregnant women, has reduced HIV transmission in children to less than 2%. Thus, currently the detection of HIV-infected children is uncommon. So, in front a case, compliance with the VTPP must be audited. If it was fully complied, other possible mechanism of HIV transmission should be reviewed. A case is presented in which, having discarded the common causes of contagion, HIV may have been transmitted through the consumption of pre-masked food by an HIV infected person, in this case the mother.

Keywords: HIV, vertical transmission, pre-mastication

Abbreviations

HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; ISP, institute of public health; HIV VTPP, HIV vertical transmission prevention protocol

Introduction

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in children is acquired in about 95% of cases vertically, during pregnancy, childbirth and breastfeeding, being most common in the last weeks of pregnancy-delivery.¹ The incorporation in Chile of HIV vertical transmission prevention protocol (HIV VTPP) in pregnant women, including the use of anti-retroviral drugs in pregnancy, childbirth and in the newborn up to 6 weeks of life, the indication of C-section, premature membrane rupture of less than 4 hours and suspension of breastfeeding, have reduced the percentage of HIV transmission in children to less than 2%.^2,3 Modes of transmission other than perinatal such as hemophilia, blood transfusions are currently very rare in Chile since HIV is tested in all blood banks and synthetic coagulation factors are used; sexual abuse is a mode of transmission that should always be sought. Even so, there are cases in which the risk factor cannot be identified or is not reported.

In Chile, with the unofficial incorporation of HIV VTPP in 1995 and by Ministry of Health (MINSAL) Norm HIV VTPP since 2005, the detection of an HIV-infected child is currently uncommon.^2,3 Since 2005, with informed consent, the examination of HIV-specific antibodies in pregnant women has been offered, so confirmed cases quickly initiate the VTPP of this virus. Thus, when detecting an infected child, compliance with the entire VTPP process should be reviewed and if it was fully fulfilled, other possible routes of HIV transmission should be considered.^2,3 A little-known mode of transmission of pathogens is pre-mastication. Food pre-mastication (chewing food before giving to a child) occurs mostly during weaning and is a common behavior that has been described in various parts of the world. The pre-mastication of solid foods seems to be common in some cultures and can be commonly used to support and supplement breastfeeding in areas where drinking water and formula are not easily available.⁴

Various infectious agents such as bacteria, fungi and viruses can be transmitted through pre-mastication. Pre-mastication has been linked to the transmission of herpes 8 virus, Epstein Barr virus, Helicobacter pylori and HIV from infected mothers to their children.^5–12 We present a pediatric case that having completed all stages of HIV VTPP, alerted us to look for other possible mechanisms of transmission and which the scientific literature has now incorporated in novel form.

Clinical case

Female patient, with a history of mother with HIV infection diagnosed at 20 weeks of gestation and that received VTPP with zidovudine, lamivudine and lopinavir/ritonavir from that moment. The delivery was by elective Caesarean and was indicated breast-feeding suspension, replacing it with artificial feeding. During the newborn period the diagnostic HIV infection study for children who are born with HIV infection was performed according to the Norm of the Institute of Public Health (ISP) in our country. The study shortly consists of detection of the viral genome (using PCR) at 1^st day of life, 15-30 days of birth and 3 months of age. The study was negative for HIV infection, being discharged from the polyclinic of Infectious Diseases at 18 months of life, with serology for HIV negative. At 2 years and 4 months he developed a picture of fever, intermittent diarrhea and general condition commitment. In the physical exam was found an extensive thrush and retro-auricular lymphadenopathies. Because of these manifestations and for the background of being the daughter of a mother with HIV infection, HIV serology was requested and was positive, result that was confirmed by the ISP. The child was classified in the clinical category B and in the immunological category 2.¹³ Was initiated in Antiretroviral Therapy with Abacavir, Lamivudine and Efavirenz.

The study of possible transmission mechanisms other than vertical was initiated. He had no history of transfusions, so the sexual pathway was raised as the most likely. She was evaluated by a psychologist and psychiatrist, those who did not find a sustainable history. It was also evaluated by two child gynecologists who ruled out signs of sexual abuse. A rectal endosonographic revision was performed that was normal, so sexual transmission could not be confirmed. Re-interrogating the mother and reviewing the recent scientific literature describing pre-mastication as a new form of HIV transmission, the mother confirmed practicing pre-chewing repeatedly.

Discussion

The case presented is consistent with the observation that HIV can be transmitted through the consumption of foods that have been pre-masked by an HIV-infected person.^4,8–12 Worldwide, transmission of HIV infection had not been associated with this practice until 2009. That year three cases of pediatric HIV infection were reported in children previously negative for HIV infection who received pre-masked food from an adult who was infected with the virus. In two cases, concurrent oral bleeding was described in the adult who pre-masticated the food. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed that two of the three children were infected through exposure to pre-masked food by an HIV-infected caregiver. They conducted in-depth research to rule out alternative modes of transmission (vertical transmission, breastfeeding, transfusions, sexual abuse).⁹ These cases provide conclusive evidence of the association of pre-mastication and HIV infection. This new route of transmission, which had not been previously reported, is a possible explanation of cases of "late" transmission of HIV in infants, hitherto attributed to breastfeeding. Pre-mastication has been reported as a form of transmission of HIV infection through blood into saliva that is mixed with chewed food.

The CDC conducted a cross-sectional survey at nine clinics in the U.S. between December 2009 and February 2010. It was found that of 154 primary caregivers, 31% of children exposed to HIV≥6 months received pre-masked food from a caregiver. Younger caregivers reported significantly higher rates of this practice compared to elderly, and black caregivers more often than caregivers of another race. Approximately 14% of caregivers in the U.S. reported pre-mastication. Biological mothers accounted for 79% of the pre-chewers. There were no differences in the incidence of pre-mastication based on the child's sex, the caregiver's country of origin, education level and income level. This practice began in children as young as one month old and was abandoned as belatedly as at the age of 36 months. The most frequently mentioned reasons for pre-mastication are: "the child wants some of the caregiver's food"(64%), "the caregiver does not want the child chocking" (62%) and "pre-mastication is done in my family" (31%).¹¹The history of childhood exposure to pre-mastication could help identify HIV-infected caregivers who perform this practice.¹²