Short Communication Volume 5 Issue 1
Department of Pharma Analysis & Quality Assurance, Jyothishmathi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, India
Correspondence: Srividya Lonkala, Department of Pharma Analysis & Quality Assurance, Jyothishmathi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, India
Received: July 19, 2018 | Published: August 2, 2018
Citation: Lonkala S, Lonkala S, Prasadaswamy T. Incidence of nipah virus. Int J Vaccines Vaccin. 2018;5(4):20-21 DOI: 10.15406/ijvv.2018.05.00096
The present study focuses on outbreak of new deadly disease being found spread in many tropical areas by bats through a viral particle named Nipah belonging to a class of RNA virus. Its incidence in major parts of India and its boundary countries, case studies of the same with symptoms, causes, treatment and prevention are presented in this study. The study revealed more than Two hundred cases of death and envisages the need to look into the underlying causes and compliance for the services in worsening the cases.
Background: Recently the outbreak of new deadly disease being found spread by bats (family Pteropodidae) through the microbe named Nipah virus at Kozhikode and Malappuram districts, Kerala state of India. RNA virus (genus Henipaviru, family: Paramyxoviridae) present in the urine, faeces, saliva and amniotic fluids of host spreads the infection through natural habitats from nocturnal animals to domestic animals including dogs, cats, goats, horses and sheep into human communities by consumption of meat and pork contaminated with the virus or by spillage from bats.1 This was not for the first time as it was already documented in 2001 In India found in Siliguri, West-Bengal. The Nipah Virus was first identified in 1998 affecting both humans and animals and has got its name from village Kampang Sungai Nipah, Malaysia.2 According to csiro nipah has been spotted in 796 articles.
Objective: The study deals about the prevalence of new Nipah virus since the emerging viral infections are mutant, resistant viral forms threatening the human world with dangerous diseases. The percentage fatality is reported till to date.
Incubation period of Nipah has been reported to be 5 days to 2 weeks, henipavirus infection in fruit bats seems to be asymptomatic.3 Symptoms include fever, headache, drowsiness, non productive cough, Difficulty in respiration, myalgia, disorientation, mental confusion, brain encephalitis, coma and ultimately death. Nipah virus was excreted in urine so possible diagnosis includes laboratory testing of throat swabs, urine and blood samples collected from suspected sufferers., Polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR),4 Enzyme linkes immune sorbent assays (ELISA) to detect henipavirus-specific Antibodies and serum neutralization. Antibodies to Nipah virus generally found blood serum or Cerebro spinal fluid.3 Underlying Pathophysiology-Serological study portrays prevalence of 15%- 55% in dogs, 4%-6% in cats, and 1.5% in goats in affected areas(Table 1).
Year/month |
Location |
No. cases |
No. deaths |
Case fatality (%) |
Jan–Feb 2001 |
Siliguri (India) |
66 |
45 |
68 |
Apr–May 2001 |
Meherpur (Bangladesh) |
13 |
9 |
69 |
3-Jan |
Naogaon (Bangladesh) |
12 |
8 |
67 |
4-Jan |
Rajbari(Bangladesh) |
31 |
23 |
74 |
4-Apr |
Faridpur (Bangladesh) |
36 |
27 |
75 |
Jan–Mar 2005 |
Tangail (Bangladesh) |
12 |
11 |
92 |
Jan–Feb 2007 |
Thakurgaon (Bangladesh) |
7 |
3 |
43 |
7-Mar |
Kushtia, Pabna, Natore (Bangladesh) |
8 |
5 |
63 |
7-Apr |
Naogaon (Bangladesh) |
3 |
1 |
33 |
7-Apr |
Nadia (India) |
5 |
5 |
101 |
8-Feb |
Manikgonj (Bangladesh) |
4 |
4 |
101 |
8-Apr |
Rajbari and Faridpur (Bangladesh) |
7 |
5 |
71 |
9-Jan |
Gaibandha, Rangpur and Nilphamari (Bangladesh) |
3 |
0 |
0 |
9-Jan |
Rajbari (Bangladesh) |
1 |
1 |
101 |
Feb–Mar 2010 |
Faridpur, Rajbari,Gopalganj,Madaripur (Bangladesh) |
16 |
14 |
87.5 |
Jan–Feb 2011 |
Lalmohirhat, Dinajpur, Comilla, Nilphamari and Rangpur (Bangladesh) |
44 |
40 |
91 |
12-Feb |
Joypurhat, Rajshahi, Natore, Rajbari and Gopalganj (Bangladesh) |
12 |
10 |
83 |
Jan–Feb 2013 |
Gaibandha, Natore, Rajshahi, Naogaon, Rajbari, Pabna, Jhenaidah, Mymensingh (Bangladesh) |
12 |
10 |
83 |
2014 |
Philippines |
17 |
9 |
53 |
2014 |
Bangladesh |
18 |
9 |
50 |
2015 |
Bangladesh |
9 |
6 |
67 |
May-17 |
Kerala(India) |
19 |
17 |
89 |
Total |
|
276 |
208 |
75.3 |
Table 1 Number of cases reported and statistics10
Treatment follows supportive measures like ventilation. Ribavirin is found used in many outbreaks, but its efficacy was less in vivo animal models. Farther more drugs for development are still under preclinical studies.3
Nipah virus is communicable from person to person, carriers being the patients and also health care providers. Patients need to be isolated, and personal hygiene such as protective clothing, gloves and masks must be used. Good sanitation and healthy environment are crucial in preventing the virus; Studies suggest, hand washing with sanitizer managed the prevalence of infectious diseases. Vaccines are not being available for humans.3
As per WHO Advice Nipah viral contamination can be prevented by avoiding exposure to sick pigs and bats and by reducing the consumption of fruits or raw dates drinking palm sap, fodder, juice half eaten by bats.5 Control measures when caring for patients to prevent nosocomial infections. Other henipaviruses (HeV) was first isolated in 1994 in Australia from fatal cases of severe respiratory disease in horses. Since its first identification in 1994, it has caused 7 confirmed cases in humans and 4 deaths in Australia, all acquired from contact with infected horses (Broder 2013). Infection of horses results from spill-over events from the natural host reservoir, which has been identified as pteropid bats mainly Black flying-fox (Pteropus Alecto), and Spectacled flying-fox (Pteropus conspicillatus).6 In humans, Hepatitis E begins as an influenza-like illness, but the involvement of the lung and brain, as with Nipah, can also manifest as an acute severe respiratory syndrome, encephalitis or a combination of both.
Other henipaviruses are not known to cause human disease, except for paramyxovirus of type Mojiang Paramyxovirus, a henipavirus-like virus, which has been implicated in the death of three minors in 2012 reported in China due to transmission from rats.7 Emerging Viral infectious diseases are novel, resistant viral infections forms infecting human and threatening the Biosphere from dangerous diseases.8 Examples of new form of virus particles at the international level include Ebola Haemorrhagic fever (in Zaire & Gabon), Lassa fever (Sierra Leone), SARS, Avian Influenza, Zika Virus etc.9
None
The author declares no conflicts of interest.
©2018 Lonkala, et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and build upon your work non-commercially.