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Biometrics & Biostatistics International Journal

Editorial Volume 2 Issue 4

A brief ode to the empirical likelihood concept

Albert Vexler, Xiwei Chen

Department of Biostatistics, State University of New York at Buffalo, USA

Correspondence: Albert Vexler, Department of Biostatistics, The State University of New York at Buffalo, 3435 Main St, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA

Received: April 17, 2015 | Published: April 23, 2015

Citation: Vexlera A, Chena X. A brief ode to the empirical likelihood concept. Biom Biostat Int J. 2015;2(4):101. DOI: 10.15406/bbij.2015.02.00035

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Editorial

Statistical strategies to make decisions via formal rules play important roles in biostatistical discovery. When the forms of data distributions are specified, the likelihood ratio principle is a central doctrine for developing statistical decision-making mechanisms in clinical experiments. Neyman and Pearson1 provided strong arguments that show the likelihood ratio principle can lead to most powerful statistical decision-making rules according to the Neyman-Pearson lemma. However, it is well known that when key assumptions are not met, parametric likelihood procedures may be suboptimal or biased. One very important issue in biostatistical research is to preserve efficiency of the statistical inference through the use of robust likelihood-type techniques. Towards this end, the modern biostatistical literature has shifted focus towards robust and efficient nonparametric likelihood methods.2 The empirical likelihood (EL) methodology employs the likelihood concept in a distribution-free manner, approximating optimal parametric likelihood-based procedures. Since EL techniques and parametric likelihood methods are closely related concepts, one may apply corresponding EL functions to replace their parametric likelihood counterparts in known and well developed parametric procedures, e.g. constructing novel nonparametric Bayesian inference3 and the confidence interval estimation.4 This provides the impetus for an impressive expansion in the number of EL developments based on combinations of likelihoods of different types, e.g., when incomplete data should be analyzed, nonparametric likelihood ratio techniques can be combined with parametric likelihoods.5

The classical EL methodology, which is a distribution function-based approach, has been shown to have attractive properties for testing hypotheses regarding parameters (e.g. moments) of distributions.6 In practice, statisticians commonly face a variety of distribution-free comparisons and/or evaluations over all distribution functions of complete and incomplete data subject to different types of measurement errors. In these frameworks, the density-based EL methodology is shown to be very efficient.7-10 According to the Neyman-Pearson lemma, the most powerful test statistics have structures that are related to density-based likelihood ratios. The density-based EL method can be easily and satisfactorily applied to construct highly efficient test procedures, approximating non-parametrically most powerful Neyman-Pearson test-rules, given aims of clinical studies. Similarly to the parametric likelihood concept, the EL methodology provides relatively simple strategies to construct powerful statistical tests that can be applied in various complex biostatistical studies. The extreme generality of EL methods and their wide range of usefulness partly result from the simple derivation of the EL statistics as components of composite parametric and nonparametric likelihood based systems, efficiently attending to any observed data and relevant information. The EL based methods are employed in much of modern biostatistical practice.

Acknowledgments

None.

Conflicts of interest

None.

References

  1. Neyman J, Pearson ES. On the problem of the most efficient tests of statistical hypotheses. Springer; 1992:73–108.
  2. Owen A. Empirical Likelihood. Chapman & Hall, CRC, Boca Raton; 2001.
  3. Vexler A, Tao G, Hutson A. Posterior expectation based on empirical likelihoods. Biometrika. 2014;101(3):711–718.
  4. Chen X, Vexler A, Markatou M. Empirical likelihood ratio confidence interval estimation of best linear combinations of biomarkers. Computational Statistics & Data Analysis. 2014;82:186–198.
  5. Yu J, Vexler A, Tian L. Analyzing incomplete data subject to a threshold using empirical likelihood methods: an application to a pneumonia risk study in an ICU setting. Biometrics. 2010;66(1):123–130.
  6. Vexler A, Yu J, Hutson AD. Likelihood testing populations modeled by autoregressive process subject to the limit of detection in applications to longitudinal biomedical data. Journal of Applied Statistics. 2011;38(7):1333–1346.
  7. Vexler A, Gurevich G. Empirical likelihood ratios applied to goodness-of-fit tests based on sample entropy. Computational Statistics & Data Analysis. 2009;54(2):531–545.
  8. Vexler A, Tsai WM, Gurevich G, et al. Two-sample density-based empirical likelihood ratio tests based on paired data, with application to a treatment study of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and severe mood dysregulation. Statistics in Medicine. 2012;31(17):1821–1837.
  9. Vexler A, Gurevich G, Hutson AD. An exact density-based empirical likelihood ratio test for paired data. Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference. 2012;143(2):334–345.
  10. Vexler A, Tsai WM, Hutson AD. A simple density-based empirical likelihood ratio test for independence. Am Stat. 2014;68(3):158–169.
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