Fibonacci oscillators1 offer a natural unification of quantum oscillators which are related to quantum groups.2-8 They are the most general oscillators having the property of spectrum degeneracy and invariance under the quantum group. The quantum algebra with two deformation parameters may have a greater flexibility when it comes to applications in realistic phenomenological physical models.9-11 One of the main problems in the theory of quantum groups and algebras is to interpret the physical meaning of the deformation parameters.1 In this respect, one possible explanation for the deformation parameters was accomplished by a relativistic quantum mechanical model.12-14 In such a model, the multi-dimensional Fibonacci oscillator can be interpreted as a relativistic oscillator corresponding to the bound state of two particles with masses
. Therefore, the additional parameter has a physical significance so that it can be related to the mass of the second bosonic particle in a two particle relativistic quantum harmonic oscillator bound state.
Most recently, the two-parameter-deformed Hermite polynomials were computed in Marinho & Brito15 by replacing the quantum harmonic oscillator problem for Fibonacci oscillators, and by changing the ordinary derivative for the Jackson derivative. The deformed energy spectrum was found in terms of these parameters. The ordinary quantum mechanics case was easily recovered when
. Although, any quantum algebra with one or more deformation parameters may be mapped onto the standard single-parameter case,16,17 it has been argued that the physical results obtained from a two-parameter deformed oscillator system are not the same.18-20 Before embarking into a discussion of the Fibonacci and
oscillators we shall follow closely the definitions and results about quantum calculus and
-numbers found in Duran et al.21, Kac &Cheung22 where many references can be found. The
number is defined for any number
as
(1.1)
which is a natural generalization of the
-number
(1.2)
The
-derivative of a function
is
(1.3)
A very important function is the
-Gauss Binomial defined by
(1.4)
(1.5)
, for
, and the
-Gauss Binomial coefficient is given by
(1.6)
(1.7)
There are three types of
-exponential functions
(1.8)
(1.9)
(1.10)
which satisfy the basic identities
(1.11)
(1.12)
The
hyperbolic functions are defined by
(1.13)
(1.14)
In particular, they obey the key identity
(1.15)
Similar definitions hold for the trigonometric functions which obey
(1.16)
For further details we refer to.21
When
are given by the Golden Mean, and its Galois conjugate, respectively
(1.17)
the
numbers
coincide precisely with the Fibonacci numbers as a result of Binet’s formula
(1.18)
Furthermore, the powers of
and
can be expressed themselves in terms of
and the Fibonacci numbers as follows
(1.19)
Consequently, the powers of
are just Dirichlet integers which have the form
, with
integers, and the
-factorial
(1.20)
becomes a product of descending Fibonacci numbers. Therefore, all the numerical factors which define the hyperbolic and trigonometric
-functions will simplify enormously in this special case (1.17).
An early
oscillator realization (a la Jordan-Schwinger) of two parameter quantum algebras,
, and the centerless Virasoro algebra was constructed.9-11
Given the creation
and annihilation
operators, the spectrum was found to obey
(1.21)
(1.22)
Furthermore,
is the unique solution of the generalized Fibonacci recursion relation9-11
(1.23)
when
, the above equation (1.23) reduces to the standard recursion relation of the Fibonacci numbers2
. When
the relations (1.22) reduce to the (anti) commutation relations of bosonic (fermionic)
-oscillators. The special case
, or
gives a deformation of a single mode of the oscillators exhibiting “infinite statistics".23 These hypothetical particles of “infinite-statistics" were coined
. The
analogs of the fermionic, parafermionic and parabosonic oscillators were also identified.9-11
A generating function for the
-numbers
is9-11
(1.24)
The
exponential allows to construct the
-coherent states, for
complex:
(1.25)
The inner product is9-11
(1.26)
The non-extensive Tsallis entropy of bosonic Fibonacci oscillators was studied in1 where connections between the thermo-statistical properties of a gas of the two-parameter deformed bosonic particles called Fibonacci oscillators and the properties of the Tsallis thermostatistics was found. It was shown that the thermo-statistics of the two-parameter deformed bosons can be studied by the formalism of Fibonacci calculus.
Having presented this brief tour of the
-oscillator and its connection to the generalized Fibonacci recursion relations we shall proceed with the explicit construction of
-Lorentz transformations and its role in deformations of Special Relativity.
-Lorentz transformations
In this section we shall construct the
-Lorentz transformations based on the deformed trigonometric and hyperbolic functions associated with the
-quantum calculus. These transformations reflect the nature of the two parameter deformed Lorentz algebra
.9-11 The
-Lorentz boost transformations along the
-direction in
that we propose are given by
(2.1)
(2.2)
(2.3)
due to the identity
(2.4)
It follows that under
-Lorentz transformations the Minkowski spacetime interval remains invariant
(2.5)
Because
(2.6)
the
-Lorentz transformations do not have the form
(2.7a)
(2.7b)
but must have the form indicated by eqs-(2.1-2.2). Therefore,
(2.8a)
(2.8b)
The composition law of two successive
-Lorentz transformations with boost parameters
is given by an ordinary matrix product leading to
(2.9)
(2.10)
(2.11)
If the above composition is consistent with a group composition law, one should have
(2.12)
(2.13)
(2.14)
where the resulting boost parameter
is now a
function
of
and
as shown below. It will no longer be given by the naive addition law
. Once again, from eqs-(2.12-2.14) one can show the invariance of the Minkwoski spacetime interval
(2.15)
Equating eqs-(2.9, 2.10) with eqs-(2.12, 2.13) yields
(2.16)
(2.17)
Dividing equation (2.16) by equation (2.17) gives in the left hand side:
. As a result of the identities21
(2.18)
this left-hand side becomes
(2.19)
The right-handside is of the form
(2.20)
where
are the square roots of products of four hyperbolic functions. Due to the identities (2.18) it allows to eliminate the square roots in equation (2.20), and finally one arrives at
(2.21)
It remains to explain that when
. Therefore, the composition rule for the boost parameters is no longer additive. The reason behind this is because now the actual addition laws for the
-hyperbolic functions are of the form
(2.22)
(2.23)
(2.24)
The functions
admit a power series expansion in terms of the
-Gauss binomial
, and defined by equations (1.4,1.5).
Due to the identity
, one can see that the expressions in equations (2.21, 2.24) are both the same and one ends up with
(2.25a)
Because of the following
(2.25b)
one learns that
(2.25c)
this last inequality in (2.26b) can be deduced by a simple inspection of the equalities in equation(2.25). Since the function
appearing in the first term of equation(2.25a) is not the same as
, and
, the argument
cannot be the same as the argument
. Therefore, when
. It is only when
that the boost parameters are additive
.
Concluding, the complicated expression for
is explicitly given by evaluating the
of the right hand side of equations (2.25), respectively. Both results lead to the same
(2.26a)
(2.26b)
Furthermore, because
(2.26c)
a careful inspection of eqs-(2.8) reveals that
(2.27a)
(2.27b)
but their ratio is equal:
. From equations (2.25) one can derive the addition law of velocities as in ordinary Special Relativity. Given
(2.28a)
(2.28b)
(2.28c)
the addition law is
(2.9)
similarly one can obtain the subtraction law
(2.30)
such that
never exceeds
when
. So far we have studied the
-Lorentz boosts transformations. A
-rotation transformation along the
-direction gives
(2.31a)
(2.31b)
(2.31c)
and leaves invariant the Minkowski spacetime line interval (2.5) due to the identity
(2.32)
The following relations among hyperbolic and trigonometric
functions21
(2.33)
(2.34)
will allow to evaluate the composition rule for two successive rotations with angles
about the
-axis. The composition rule for the angles is
(2.35)
where
. The composition law of two succesive
-Lorentz boosts transformations along two different axis directions are more complicated. The same occurs with a
-Lorentz boost transformation along any arbitrary direction. In general, the ordinary Lorentz transformations can be written in terms of the Pauli spin
matrices
, and the unit matrix
as follows. Let us firstly define the
matrix
(2.36)
One can show that an ordinary Lorentz boost with parameter
along any direction can be realized in terms of three parameters defined as
(2.37)
and associated with the three directions
, respectively. The Lorentz boost in this general case is
(2.38)
Due to
, and because the determinant of a product of matrices is equal to the product of the determinants of the matrices, one then has
(2.39)
so that the transformations (2.38) leave the Minkowski spacetime interval invariant as expected. Given the unit vector
(2.40)
upon performing a Taylor series expansion one arrives at
(2.41a)
(2.41b)
and after evaluating the matrix product (2.38) one can read-off the expressions for
in terms of
and the boost parameters.
Guided by the above construction, a
-Lorentz boost along any direction can be realized in terms of the
deformed Pauli spin algebra generators
, and the
exponentials (1.8-1.10) as follows3
(2.42)
Due to the key relations
(2.43a)
one will have4
(2.43b)
and such that the Minkowski spacetime interval5 remains invariant under the transformations (2.42). One may notice that in the
-deformed case the relations in equation (2.40) are no longer obeyed,
, consequently the exponentials of the deformed generators
(2.44a)
(2.44b)
(2.44c)
cannot longer be written in the Euler form, and this is one of the reasons behind the inequalities in equation(2.8).
1
Dedicated to the loving memory of Diana Eaton Riggle, a wonderful human being
2
Alternatively, one could flip the location of the exponentials in eq-(2.42)
3
The determinant here is the ordinary one and not the quantum determinant of a quantum matrix with non commuting entries
4
Deformations of the Minkowski spacetime interval (like the quantum determinant) will be the subject of future investigation
5
The mathematician Hemachandra and the Sanskrit poets like Virahanka, Gopala many centuries before Fibonacci were aware of these numbers that should be properly called Hemachandra numbers. See the Fields Institute Lectures on “Patterns of Numbers in Nature" by Manjul Bhargava