A case report of bone metastasis from gastric cancer

doi:10.15406/mojs.2017.05.00108

MOJ

eISSN: 2379-6162

Surgery

Case Report Volume 5 Issue 3

A case report of bone metastasis from gastric cancer

Sibaprashad Pattanayak

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Department of Surgery, MKCG Medical College & Hospital Berhampur, India

Correspondence: Sibaprashad Pattanayak, Department of Surgery, MKCG Medical College & Hospital Berhampur, Ganjam, India

Received: November 01, 2017 | Published: December 27, 2017

Citation: Pattanayak S. A case report of bone metastasis from gastric cancer. MOJ Surg. 2017;5(2):191-192. DOI: 10.15406/mojs.2017.05.00108

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Abstract

Background: Bone metastasis is an uncommon event in metastatic gastric cancer patients and rarely detected as isolated lesions. A case featuring unusual skeletal metastasis of gastric cancer is presented.

Case report: A 60year old man presented with metastasis in the lumber vertebra one and half years after surgery (distal radical gastrectomy for gastric carcinoma). The histopathology of primary tumor was poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma. Patient had received five cycles of adjuvant chemotherapy (Paclitaxel+ Carboplatin) before he presented with lumber vertebra metastasis with a seven month disease free period.

Discussion: The metastatic path of gastric cancer cells is generally hematogenous. Higher incidence of bone metastasis occurs in the axial skeleton. Prognosis of patients exhibiting bone metastases from Gastric cancer is worse compared with other solid tumours.

Conclusion: Skeletal metastasis is an uncommon event in advanced metastatic Gastric cancer though not rare. The clinician must screen the patient for skeletal lesions right from the time of initial diagnosis.

Keywords: gastric cancer, metastasis, skeletal, tumours, worldwide

Introduction

Gastric cancer (GC) is the fourth most common malignancy and the third leading cause of cancer‑related mortality among males and the fifth leading cause of cancer‑related mortality among females worldwide, with ~1,000,000 new patients diagnosed every year.¹ Recurrence of gastric carcinoma most frequently involves abdominal dissemination and this usually occurs within 5years of primary surgery.² Late recurrence is uncommon. Recurrences usually present in the abdominal cavity, peritoneum, lymph nodes, and liver.^3,4 Isolated recurrence limited to bone and bone marrow is rare, and prognosis in such cases is poor.⁵ We report a rare case of skeletal metastasis in a case of poorly differentiated gastric cancer after adjuvant chemo and a disease free period of seven months in 1 and half ‑year follow‑up.

Case report

A 60-year-old man presented to the Department of Surgical oncology of MKCG Medical College, Odisha with a 1-month history of progressively increasing lower back pain and pain over the lateral aspect of right lower limb. This patient was operated with a distal radical gastrectomy with D2 lymphadenectomy one and a half year back. The postoperative course was normal. Histopathologically it was predominantly a poorly differentiated tubular adenocarcinoma with areas of signet-ring cell carcinoma. There were multiple small volume nodes in the para aortic, peri pancreatic areas. Post-operatively he was treated with adjuvant chemotherapy with Paclitaxel and Carboplatin. Paclitaxel 175mg/m²IV 3hour infusion Day1 and Carboplatin 5 AUC IV infusion for 90min Day1. This regimen was repeated every three weeks for five cycles. Patient did not come for sixth cycle. Patient was lost to follow up and came after 8 months with features of progressive pain lower back over the spine and pain right sciatica in the previous 2‑3weeks. On clinical examination, there was paraparesis with reduced muscle tone and reflexes. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the entire spine revealed numerous metastatic lesions in vertebrae; in particular the lumbar (L2‑L4) vertebra. Furthermore, several vertebral bodies exhibited marrow infiltration, particularly L2 and L4, and a soft tissue mass was identified in the spinal cord canal from L2 to L4. A CT‑guided biopsy of the soft tissue at the L2 level revealed metastatic adenocarcinoma with signet ring cells which resembled the histology of the previous gastric cancer. No tumor recurrence was detected in the anastomotic site or elsewhere with upper GI endoscopy, X-ray, CT or MRI examinations. A diagnosis of solitary bone metastasis from gastric carcinoma was therefore made.

Discussion

While bone metastasis is frequent in patients with breast cancer, lung cancer, renal cancer, prostate cancer, bladder cancer and other primary cancers, it is fairly uncommon in malignant tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. Yoshikawa et al.⁶ reported the incidence of bone metastasis is 1~20%. In 1987, Nishidoi et al.⁷ have reported that in 246 gastric cancer patients, bone metastasis was associated in 33patients (13.4%). Seto et al.⁸ have reported that bone scintigraphy was performed on 60patients, and bone metastasis was suspected in 25% of these patients. Bone metastasis may occur more frequently in cases with primary cancer in the body of stomach, poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma and in cases with abundant lymph node metastasis in the vicinity.

Gastric cancer usually metastasizes to the liver, peritoneum, lymph nodes and lungs, whereas bone metastases are uncommon, occurring in ~13.4% of autopsy cases and are rarely detected as isolated lesions.^9–12 The metastatic path of gastric cancer cells is generally hematogenous through the bone marrow The gastric mucosa has a rich capillary network and the bone marrow does not contain lymphatic vessels.¹³ This hypothesis is supported by the observation that a higher incidence of bone metastasis occurs in the axial skeleton, such as the spine, pelvic bones or the sternum, where there is a higher content of hematopoietic bone marrow in adults. Therefore, the bone marrow, rather than the bone tissue, is the target in bone metastasis.¹⁴ The prognosis of patients exhibiting bone metastases from Gastric cancers is worse compared with other solid tumours, with a mean survival period of <5months and the longest survival period reported in the literature, 3.5years.¹⁵ Early detection of bone metastases is difficult as, according to the majority of important international guidelines.¹⁶ In the metastatic setting, treatment aims at symptomatic relief to the patient to improve the quality of life and prolong symptom free survival. Fluoropyrimidine, taxanes and platinum‑based regimens are the most commonly used chemotherapeutic approaches, providing response rates of 30‑50% and a median overall survival of ~1 year.¹⁷

Conclusion

To conclude the prognosis of bone metastasis caused by gastric cancer is very poor and the prognosis of patients may be poorer due to delayed diagnosis and delayed treatment. It seems prudent that tests to assess for bone metastasis need to be done at the time of initial diagnosis and post treatment follow up. Bone scintigraphy with its high sensitivity appears to be most useful. If such protocols are followed, early diagnosis about skeletal involvement can be made and patients may get potential benefit from radiation and pain relief measures thus improving the quality of life. This requires extensive studies with bigger sample size to evaluate the efficacy of different protocols which may be offered.