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Mini Review Special Issue Health Disorders
Embryonic mortality due to maladaptation to high ambient temperatures
Aureliano Hernandez
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Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Colombia
Correspondence: Aureliano Hernandez, National University of Colombia, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Bogota, Colombia
Received: September 20, 2017 | Published: November 30, 2018
Citation: Hernandez A. Embryonic mortality due to maladaptation to high ambient temperatures. MOJ Public Health. 2018;7(6):311 DOI: 10.15406/mojph.2018.07.00257
Keywords
reproductive performance, romosinuano, sinu valley, zygote, embryos, creole genotype, insemination, corpus luteum, mitotic rate, temperature, simmental cattle
Mini review
Adaptation to high ambient temperatures is a key issue in reproductive performance. In the northern part of Colombia (“Sinu Valley”), an important meat type cattle industry is located. There, the ambient temperature ranges along the whole year is 20 to 32 Celsius degrees and relative humidity between 72 to 81% (http://bart.ideam.gov.co/cliciu/monter/temperatura.htm). These conditions can be deleterious for reproductive efficiency in non-adapted bovines. The Creole genotype known as “Romosinuano”, which has been settled in the Sinu valley for more than 500 years, shows a minor rate of embryonic mortality as compared to data obtained from non-adapted animals.1 The Romosinuano showed higher conception rate than Zebu, Zebu x Holstein and Zebu x Simmental cattle.2
Another Creole genotype known as “Sanmartinero” (Bos taurus), showed a better adaptation to high environmental conditions than a Bosindicus genotype.3 “Sanmartinero” cattle are settled in the eastern planes of Colombia.4 Reported a greater in vitro tolerance to heat in 8 days-old embryos when subjected at 41oC in Romosinuano and Brahman than Angus and Holstein ones. Resistance to 41oC exposure goes up when the zygote passes on to more advanced stages of development.5 It was argued that resistance is enhanced with hypoxia, which could imply participation of reactive oxygen molecules or hypoxia induced compounds.6
Cows exposed to 32oC during 72 hours immediately after artificial insemination had 0% fertility in comparison to cows subjected to temperatures ranging from 7 to 21 °C, which showed 48% fertility.7 Embryos from Brahman cows were more heat resistant than those from Holstein or Angus ones There was a 72% IFNT reduction of secretion with the consequent deleterious effect on corpus luteum support, certain prostaglandins secretion and embryo viability.8
In cattle, the level of adaptation to heat varies according to the genotype and the time of residence in a particular habitat. The association between high readings of relative humidity and high ambient temperatures (temperature: humidity index) originates stress in susceptibility individuals and it induces embryonic decay in cows.9 Heat stress diminishes oxygen consumption and energy resources, and affects mitotic rate in morula stage embryos.10 Maladaptation to high ambient temperatures should be taken into account in processes of adapting productively efficient bovine genotypes to geographical zones where genetic constitution is a key point.
Acknowledgments
None.
Conflicts of interest
Professor Agustin Gongora, for providing some key information on the present topic.
References
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- Santolaria P. Effects of cumulativestressful and acutevariationepisodes of farmclimate conditionson late embryo/early fetal loss in highproducingdairycows. Int J Biometeorol. 2010;54(1):93–98.
- Hernández cerónn J. Differences in Heat Tolerance between Preimplantation Embryos from Brahman, Romosinuano and Angus Breeds. J Dairy Sci. 2004;87(1):53–58.
©2018 Hernandez. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and build upon your work non-commercially.