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eISSN: 2373-4442

Immunology

Mini Review Volume 3 Issue 3

Long Non-Coding RNAs; New Perspective for Autoimmune Disease

Fattah Sotoodehnejadnematalahi,1 Mohammad Hossein Khani,1 Farshid Yeganeh Hossein Khani2

1Department of Biology, School of Basic Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Iran
2Department of Immunology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Iran

Correspondence: Fattah Sotoodehnejadnematalahi, Department of Biology, School of Basic Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran, 

Received: May 05, 2016 | Published: June 1, 2016

Citation: Khani MH, Yeganeh F, Sotoodehnejadnematalahi F (2016) Long Non-Coding RNAs; New Perspective for Autoimmune Disease. MOJ Immunol3(3): 00090. DOI: 10.15406/moji.2016.03.00090

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Abstract

Long non coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are subpopulation of transcriptome that has crucial activity in cells and also molecular pathways.1 Autoimmune diseases as immune system dysregulation have been proposed to be regulated by lncRNAs.2 LncRNAs can be used as a potential prognostic and diagnostic tool in autoimmune disease, as their expression have been widely shown in particular cells and tissues in a specific time.3

Keywords: autoimmune disease, lncRNAs, TH17, immune system, TNFα, immune cells, autoimmune disorders

Introduction

Non coding RNAs refer to RNAs that Lack the potential to code protein.4 There are different categories in separation of transcriptome, the common categories separate RNAs based on size.5 Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are the class of transcriptome, with size larger than 200 nucleotides.6 The functions of these RNAs are less understood than the other part of transcriptome.7 There are documents that show the important role of lncRNAs in different cellular aspects such as development, epigenetic marking, chromatin remodeling and regulation of gene expression and in immune system.8 In the beginning of this century ncRNA of the transcriptome was considered as junk RNA that have no function at all and maybe they are transcription noise, but this concept became extinct with new information founded about this part of transcriptome.9 LncRNAs play important role in regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses and immune cell development.10 Recent studies have also shown the different expression of lncRNAs in autoimmune diseases.11

lncRNAs and immune system

There are a different lncRNAs that has particular activity in the cell and tissue of immune system.12 LncRNAs represent newly regulatory molecules that influence variety of function from innate to activation of adaptive immune system.13 It is known that the development of immune cells from hematopoietic stem cell and activation of immune cell afterward, such as cell proliferation, needs particular and key lncRNAs which participate in this manner of differentiation.10 For example THRIL lncRNA regulate the TNFα expression.>14 THRIL can form a RNA-protein interaction with hnRNPL and then this complex can regulate transcription of TNFα by binding to its promoter. This is a straight action of an lncRNA on expression of a key molecule in immune system.14 Some lncRNAs suggested to be involved in differentiation of immune cells.15 One of them is lnc-DC that controls the differentiation of dendritic cells by binding to STAT3 transcription factor. Knock down of lnc-DC can cause inhibition of dendritic cells differentiation in human monocyte in vitro.16 Natural killer cells are immune cells that have roles in innate immune system.17 KIR antisense lncRNA have been suggested to have a role in silencing the KIR gene. Killing feature of NK cells is related to KIR gene.18 In addition, development of B cells from Ancestral cell to the active B cells like memory or plasma cells shows different expression of noncoding RNAs specially lncRNAs.19

Study of individual cells isolated from tissues has indicated the specific pattern of lncRNA expression in different cells.20 So this suggests that LncRNAs have cell and tissue specificity of expression which make them notable candidate to be used as new class of biomarkers for various diseases.21

LncRNAs and autoimmune diseases

Autoimmune diseases are well known as disorders with dis-regulation of immune system responses.22 There are solid evidences about different expression of lncRNAs in patient with autoimmune disorders.23 Some lncRNAs has been shown to be up regulated and/or down regulated in autoimmune disease.24 Several investigations aiming to introduce new biomarkers have indicated strong correlation between autoimmune disease and context of lncRNA changes.25 For example, the ethology of Crohn’s disease which is a chronic inflammatory disorder has not yet fully understood. It has been found that DQ786243 lncRNA can be over expressed in these patients. It has been also suggested that this lncRNA might be responsible for the severity of Crohn’s disease in patients.26 Rheumatoid arthritis is a well-known example of autoimmune disease. It has been shown that TNF-α and Il-6 can induce lincRNAs (a subgroup of lncRNAs) in CD14+ of these patients. The interesting fact is the specificity of correlating between lincRNAs and each cytokine. This study suggests that such LincRNA might affect the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis.27,28 Other study has also investigated the role of lncRNA in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). HIVEP2 is an lncRNA which is shown to be over expressed more than fifty times in SLE patients.29 There is a lack of information about lncRNAs which are involved in multiple sclerosis (MS). Recent data suggests the association of lncRNAs and T helper 17 (TH17) lymphocytes which are well-known cells to be involved in multiple sclerosis.30 Rmrp is an lncRNA found in TH17 cells showed different level of expression and indicated to cause various gene expression in this cells which might lead to multiple sclerosis progression.30 In addition, it has been shown that the lncRNA SAS-ZFAT plays role in autoimmune thyroid disease. SAS-ZFAT is antisense ZFAT gene. This lncRNA may have important role in susceptibility of autoimmune thyroid disease.11

Study the role of lncRNAs is a growing field in disease and immune system regulation that brings hope to understand complex diseases such as autoimmune disorders. So it can be a respectable shot for targeting the immune system disorders in addition to be powerful tool for diagnosis and prognosis due to lncRNAs specificity to a type of cell or tissue.31

Acknowledgments

None.

Conflicts of interest

None.

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©2016 Khani, et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and build upon your work non-commercially.

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