Clinical & Medical Case Reports

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Received: January 01, 1970 | Published: ,

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Abstract

The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is characterized by a non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema with bilateral chest radiograph opacities and hypoxemia refractory to oxygen therapy.Adenovirus is a frequent cause of mild self-limiting upper respiratory tract infection, gastroenteritis, and conjunctivitis in infants and young children. Fatal infections (severe pneumonia progressing to respiratory failure, septic shock and/or encephalitis) are rare among immunocompetent adults. We report a case of a twenty-two years old pregnant woman with severe adenovirus pneumonia who has presented with sudden onset of respiratory distress, progressed to respiratory failure rapidly and has made a successful recovery with supportive measures.

Keywords: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), adenovirus, positive end -expiratory pressure (PEEP), high-flow oxygen nasal cannulae (HFNC)

Introduction

The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is characterized by a non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema with bilateral chest radiograph opacities and hypoxemia refractory to oxygen therapy. ARDS is an acute, diffuse, inflammatory lung injury that leads to increased pulmonary vascular permeability, increased lung weight, and a loss of aerated tissue. The pathological hallmark is diffuse alveolar damage (ie, alveolar edema with or without focal hemorrhage, acute inflammation of the alveolar walls, and hyaline membranes). It is a common cause of admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) due to hypoxemic respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation. The severity of the hypoxemia defines the severity of the ARDS. Mild ARDS exists when the PaO₂/FiO₂ is >200 mmHg, but ≤300 mmHg, on invasive or non-invasive ventilator settings that include a positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) or continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) ≥5 cm H₂O. Moderate ARDS exists when the PaO₂/FiO₂ is >100 mmHg, but ≤200 mmHg, on ventilator settings that include a PEEP ≥5 cm H₂O. And, severe ARDS exists when the PaO₂/FiO₂ is ≤100 mmHg on ventilator settings that include a PEEP ≥5 cm H₂O.¹ Adenoviruses are a family of DNA viruses that are most frequently associated with upper respiratory tract syndromes such as pharyngitis or coryza but can also cause pneumonia. A diagnosis can be made by viral culture, direct antigen assay or PCR assay on a nasopharyngeal aspirate or swab, throat swab, sputum sample, or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid.^2,3 Adenoviral pneumonia in especially immunocompetent adults presents with respiratory illnessthat progresses rapidly to respiratory failure and often requires mechanical ventilation. We report the case of a previously healthy and immunocompetent woman with severe adenovirus pneumonia who developed rapidly progressive respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation and who made a successful recovery after being treated with supportive measures.

Case presentation

Twenty two-years-old, primigravid, 9 weeks pregnant woman was applied to a local hospital complaining of fever and progressive shortness of breath for the last 8 hours. She was initially treated for suspected urinary tract infection. On obstetric examination, intrauterine ex fetus was detected andcurettage was performed. She was transferred to our ICU for respiratory failure and hypoxemia. There were 4 gestations and 3 abortions on her medical history. On her physical examination; body temperature was 36,6°C, pulse rate was 126 beats per minute and blood pressure was 165/98 mmHg. Her respiratory rate was 40 breaths per minute with oxygen saturation of 54% on room air. Her Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) was 15. On her chest auscultation, there were inspiratory-expiratory coarsecrackls and expiratory rhoncus on both hemithoraxes. Non-invasive mechanical ventilation (NIMV) was applied. We ordered an arterial blood gas (ABG) test with a fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO₂) of 70% and PEEP of 8 cm H₂O that resulted as: pH 7.33, PaCO₂ of 28 mmHg, PaO₂ of 52 mmHg, HCO₃ of 14 meq/L and SaO₂ of %87. Bilateral infiltrations especially at the middle and lower zones was notable on the chest x-ray (Figure 1). The PaO₂/ FiO₂score was <100, compatible with severe ARDS. The bedside ECHO showed normal right – left ventricles. She was intubated and connected to protective mechanical ventilation. She was ventilated with pressure controlled synchronous intermittent ventilation (P-SIMV) mode with rate of 14 bpm, PEEP of 14 cmH₂O, pressure support (PS) of 14 cm H₂O, FiO₂ of 1. Control ABG was pH:7,39, PaCO₂ of 32 mmHg, PaO₂ of 80 mmHg, SaO₂of 95% and HCO₃ of 19 meq/L. Oseltamivir (150 mg/d) was given by nasogastric tube and intravenous piperacillin-tazobactam, vancomycin were started as empirical treatment. She was sedated intermittently with propofol, midazolam and remifentanil infusions. Noradrenalin infusion was needed at the initial hours of admission, because of a hypotensive episode which did not respond to fluids. Bacterial cultures of blood, urine, and tracheal aspiration were negative. Tracheal aspiration was negative for H1N1 infection but it was positive for adenovirus by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). We administrated 1 mg/kg/day of methylprednisolone (60 mg per day) for 4 days and the dose was gradually reduced for 9 days. She was self extubated on the fifth day of admission. She was initiated on NIMVwith an expiratory/inspiratory positive airway pressure of 8/13 cmH₂O with a FiO₂ of 0.3 and high flow oxygen with nasal canul (Flow: 40 lt/minute and FiO₂ of 0,35) for one day. She was only continued with high-flow oxygen nasal cannulae (HFNC) for four days. The clinical and radiological improvement was established (Figure 2). The patient was transferred to the department of pulmonary medicine on the tenth day of admission and discharged two days later.

Figure 1 The chest x-ray on admission.

Figure 2 The control chest x-ray.

Discussion

Adenovirus is an uncommon cause of community acquired pneumonia (CAP) (2%) in non‐military immunocompetent hospitalized adults, and is responsible for 15% of CAP.⁴ CAP in immunocompetent adult civilians presents as a non-specific febrile respiratory illness that progresses rapidly to respiratory failure and often requires mechanical ventilation.⁵

Outbreaks of adenovirus infection in long-term nursing facilities and in hospital wards with associated cases of fatal pneumonia have also been described. Respiratory failure developed in five patients. Four patients developed diffuse pulmonary infiltrates and met criteria for ARDS and required high FiO₂_,PEEP and paralysis to maintain adequate oxygenation. Septic shock developed after the onset of respiratory failure in each patient with ARDS.⁶

For all patients with ARDS, the recommendation is strong for mechanical ventilation using lower tidal volumes (4-8 ml/kg predicted body weight) and lower inspiratory pressures (plateau pressure< 30cm H₂O). For patients with severe ARDS, the recommendation is strong for prone positioning for more than 12 h/d). For patients with moderate or severe ARDS, the recommendation is strong against routine use of high-frequency oscillatory ventilation and conditional for higher positive end-expiratory pressure and recruitment maneuvers.^1,7 There are no controlled trials and few clinical experience using NIMV to manage patients with ARDS. NIMV may be reserved for the occasional patient with ARDS who is hemodynamically stable, is easily oxygenated, does not need immediate intubation.

In a small (n = 40) trial Zhan et al. randomly assigned patients with ARDS to receive either NIMV or high concentration supplemental oxygen. Patients receiving NIMV were more likely to have improvement of PaO₂/FiO₂ and less likely to require intubation (4.8 versus 36.8 percent).⁸ In one trial, 105 patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure of varying etiologies were randomly assigned to receive standard medical therapy alone or NIMV plus standard medical therapy. NIMV decreased ICU mortality (18 versus 39 percent) and the intubation rate (25 versus 52 percent).⁹

HFNC can oxygenate patients as well as provide a small amount of positive airway pressure and reduce dead space such that it is thought to be a method of delivering noninvasive ventilation. In one meta-analysis of six randomized trials that examined HFNC for the treatment of acute respiratory failure (due to medical conditions [two trials], following extubation [three trials], and during bronchoscopy [1 trial]), HFNC was associated with a lower rate of intubation, when compared with conventional oxygen (12 versus 25 percent) but no difference when compared with NIV (18 versus 23 percent).¹⁰

Conclusion

Viral pneumonia should always be considered in differential diagnosis of the etiology of ARDS in young and / or immunosuppressed patients. Appropriate samples for etiological diagnosis should be taken as soon as possible. Early antiviral treatment and protective mechanical ventilation support provide positive results. We present our case to demonstrate the efficacy of protective mechanical ventilation, high PEEP, and high-flow oxygen nasal cannulae in the treatment of severe ARDS due to adenoviral pneumonia.