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Abstract
A three-step synthesis of 6-methoxy-2-tetralone, a potential intermediate for many terpenoids and steroidal compounds, has been developed.
Keywords: 6-methoxy-1-tetralone, 2,4-pentanediol, MCPBA, PTS, hydroboration-oxidation
Abbreviations
MCPBA, chloroperbenzoic acid; p-TsOH, p-toluenesulphonic acid; FT, fourier transform; MS, mass spectra; TLC, layer chromatography
Introduction
6-methoxy-2-tetralone has been selected as starting material for the synthesis of many steroidal compounds1–3 2-aminotetalin derivatives4 which exhibit antifungal activities, tetrahydro benzocycloheptane5 and many terpenoid compounds.6 6-methoxy-2-tetralone is more expensive, difficult to synthesize and unstable in comparison to 6-methoxy-1-tetralone. Therefore 6-methoxy-2-tetralone has attracted an array of impressive synthetic efforts.7–13 The draw backs of the published methods areUse of flammable material like trimethylsilyl cyanide and corrosive product like zinc iodide7
- Use of flammable material like trimethylsilyl cyanide and corrosive product like zinc iodide7
- Use of bad smelling product like ethyl mercaptied14
- Long steps and complicated experimental procedure.8,9
The overall yield of the most of the published procedures range from 39 to 42%. The importance of 6-methoxy 2-tetralone in organic synthesis encouraged us to develop an alternative approach of the same. The present paper describes the results of our efforts towards the synthesis of the title compound. The synthetic route is depicted in Scheme 1.
Scheme (i) 2,4-pentane diol, PTs; (ii) MCPBA, CH2Cl2; (iii) Et OH, 10% H2SO4; (iv) BF3.OEt2
Results and discussion
The commercially available 6-methoxy-1-tetralone 1 was converted15 into the olefin 2 in 94% yield by heating under reflux with 2,4-pentanediol and a catalytic amount of p-toluenesulphonic acid (p-TsOH) who’s spectroscopic properties perfectly agree with structure assigned. The olefin 2 was also previously synthesized by different routes14,16 but the yield was not high compared with the present procedure. Epoxidation of the olefin 2 was performed with m-chloroperbenzoic acid (MCPBA) in dichloromethane and without purification the resulting epoxide was heated under reflux for 3 hours with ethanolic sulfuric acid (10%) to afford the tetralone 3 in 39% yield (overall yield 36%). The reaction was attempted several times using different reaction conditions which included change of temperature, time of heating, amount of sulfuric acid etc., (Table 1) however the yield could not be further improved. The spectroscopic data (NMR and MS) lent support to the assigned structure. An attempt was made to purify the epoxides by column chromatography but could not be isolated due to tendency of decomposition as exhibited in TLC.
Time of heating |
Amount of H2SO4 |
Changes of temperature |
Yield |
1.5 hours |
1mL (15%) |
40–45° |
12% |
2 hours |
2mL (15%) |
50–60° |
18% |
3 hours |
3mL (25%) |
60–70° |
20% |
3 hours |
3mL (10%) |
Reflux |
39% |
Table Brief description of conditions for experiments of compound 3
The cleavage of the crude epoxide was also tried with freshly distilled borontrifluoride etherate [(BF3.Et2O)] at room temperature. The tetralone 3 was obtained in 36% (overall yield 35%). The opening of the epoxide was also attempted with sodium cyanoborohydride and borontrifluoride etherate.17 A mixture of four products were obtained (evidenced by TLC) which on the basis of spectral data contained little if any of the desired product. In order to improve the yield, the olefin 2 was subjected to hydroboration-oxidation18 reaction. As expected a mixture of alcohols were obtained as evidenced by 1H NMR spectroscopy. Oxidation with Jones reagent18,19 followed by purification afforded the 2-tetralone in very poor yield. The tetralone, obtained in major proportion was identified as 1-tetralone 1.
Experimental
Unless otherwise stated, IR spectra were taken on a Nicolet –Fourier Transform (FT) instrument, Bruker AM 300MHz spectrometers in CDCl3 were employed for the determination of 1H and 13C NMR spectra, with deuteriochloroform as solvent. Mass spectra (MS) were determined on a Dupont 21-492B. Column chromatography was performed on silica gel 60 (Merck). Thin layer chromatography (TLC) plates were coated with silica gel and the spots visualized using ultraviolet light. All melting points are uncorrected and were determined on an electrothermal melting point apparatus. All organic solvents were dried over anhydrous MgSO4 and solvents were evaporated in vacuo. Elemental analyses were performed on a Carlo-Erba 1108 Elemenal Analyser.
Methoxy-3,4-dihydronaphthalene (2)
To a solution of the tetralone 1 (1g; 5.7mmol) in toluene (95mL) was added p-toluenesulphonic acid (250mg, 1.45mmol) and 2, 4-pentanediol (2.42mL, 22.3 mmol) and then heated under reflux for 24 hours. Using a Dean-Stark apparatus. The reaction mixture was cooled, diluted with sodium bicarbonate solution (5%) and extracted three times with ether. The combined extracts were washed with brine, dried, evaporated and chromatographed over silica gel (eluent hexane) to obtain the dihydronaphthalene 2 as oil ( 861mg, 94%). lit. b.p 85-95° (1mm);16 m/z 161 (M+1); 1H NMR: δ7.06 (d, 1H, J=9Hz, H-7), 6.81 (m, 2H, H-5, H-8), 6.56 (d, 1H, J=10.2Hz, H-1), 6.01 (m, 1H, H-2), 3.86 (s, 3H, OMe), 2.91 (t, 2H, J=0.31Hz, J=16.8Hz, H-4), 2.41 (m, 2H, H-3); 13C NMR: δ158. 43 (C6), 136 .92 (C10), 127.15 (C9), 127.04 (C2), 126 .67 (C1), 125.57 (C8), 113.62 (C5), 110.82 (C7), 54.83 (C11), 27.84 (C4), 22.83 (C3). Anal. Calcd. for C11H12O, C,82.46; H, 7.55. Found: C, 82.68; H, 7.69.
6- Methoxy-2-tetralone (3)
First Procedure: To a suspension of MCPBA (1.5g, 8.7mmol) in dry dichloromethane (16mL), cooled in ice, was added dihydronaphthalene 2 (616mg, 3.8mmol) dissolved in dichloromethane (2mL). The reaction mixture was stirred overnight, filtered, diluted with dichloromethane, washed with a solution of sodium bicarbonate (5%), brine, dried and evaporated to obtain an oil (591mg), which without purification was dissolved in ethanol (3mL) and treated with sulfuric acid (3mL, 10%) and heated under reflux for 3 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled, diluted with water and extracted three times with chloroform. The organic extracts were washed with brine, dried and evaporated to obtain an oil which on purification (eluent hexane: ether 7:3) afforded the teralone 3 (264mg, 39%); lit b.p 117-119° (0.5mm);13 m/z 177 [M++H], ʋmax 3cm-1 (C0); 1H NMR: δ7.01 (d, 1H, J=8.04Hz, H-7), 6.76 (s, 1H, H-4), 6.73 (d, 1H, J=2.72Hz, H-6), 3.79 (s, 3H, H-11), 3.51 (s, 1H, H-10), 3.01 (t, 2H, J=6.61Hz, H-3), 2.52 (t, 2H, J=6.61Hz, H -2); 13C NMR: δ2.10.91 (C-1), 1.58.51 (C-5), 137.88(C-9), 129.10 (C-7), 125.17 (C-8), 112.38 (C-6), 112.31 (C-4), 55.31 (C-11), 44.22 (C-10), 38.14 (C-2), 28.62 (C-3). Anal: Calcd for C11H12O2 C, 74.97; H, 6.86. Found: C, 75.15; H, 6.98.
Second procedure
To the oily epoxide, prepared by the above mentioned procedure, from dihydronaphthalene 2 (616mg, 3.8mmol), in dichloromethane (15mL) was added freshly distilled borontrifluoride etherate (0.7mL, 5.7mmol) at room temperature and stirred for 10min. The organic extract was separated, dried and evaporated to yield an oil which on chromatographic purification (eluent: hexane: ether 7:3) afforded the tetralone 3 (246mg, 36%) %); lit. b.p. 117-119° (0.5mm);13 whose spectroscopic data was almost identical with tetralone 3 prepared by the first procedure.
Conclusion
In conclusion a concise approach for the synthesis of 6-methoxy-2-tetralone was developed with an overall yield of 36%. We believe the present approach is a valuable addition to the known methods for the synthesis of the 6-methoxy-2-tetralone.
Acknowledgements
Financial support from our institute is gratefully acknowledged.
Conflict of interest
The author declares no conflict of interest.
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