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Research Article Volume 16 Issue 6
Role traps and control conflicts: Autistic Pathological Demand Avoidance (AuPDA) in the Criminal Justice System
Rachel Worthington, Alice Bennett
Senior Lecturer, Psychology Department, Manchester Metropolitan University, UK
Honorary Researcher, Psychology Department, Manchester Metropolitan University, UK
Received: October 26, 2025 | Published: December 10, 2025
Citation: Worthington R, Bennett A. Role traps and control conflicts: Autistic Pathological Demand Avoidance (AuPDA) in the Criminal Justice System. J Psychol Clin Psychiatry. 2025;16(6):251-262. DOI: 10.15406/jpcpy.2025.16.00842
Abstract
Purpose: Pathological Demand Avoidance (PDA) is a profile of features that can be experienced by some autistic individuals which can sometimes lead to contact with the Criminal Justice System (CJS). The purpose of the current study was to explore and deepen understanding of the lived experiences of AuPDA individuals and professionals within the Criminal Justice System. Design: Study 1 comprised of qualitative interviews with N=18 individuals who had a diagnosis of autism and PDA (AuPDA) and had past contact with the CJS or if they were a family/members/carers/ of AuPDA individuals who have had contact with the CJS. Study 2 comprised of N=32 participants who were currently or had previously been employed in the CJS. Data was analysed using a reflective thematic analysis approach. Findings: Three themes were developed: Misinterpreting Resistance; Knowledge is Power; and Systems of Care, not control. These captured how a lack of knowledge and understanding of the diverse ways in which autism can present led to misunderstandings of the functions of behaviour in AuPDA individuals, increasing contact with the CJS resulting in negative reactions from CJS professionals. Originality: This paper provides a novel insight into the unique reciprocal roles which may exist between some AuPDA individuals and CJS professionals due to their dual need for control. Implications: The findings of this study suggest two primary areas which may improve the needs of AuPDA people at risk of involvement in the CJS. Firstly, there is a need for training for people who encounter AuPDA individuals and specifically for professionals in educational, therapy and CJS settings. Secondly there is a need for a more multi-disciplinary inclusive approach across services that surround the AuPDA person which should include their family members/carers. Specific ways in which these recommendations could be achieved are made.
Keywords: autism, pathological demand avoidance, criminal justice system, offending, professionals
©2025 Worthington, et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and build upon your work non-commercially.