Vaginulinoides and Vaginulinella two new genera, both of Anan (this study) are introduced here to include the two benthic Lagenid Foraminiferids from Chile, in the Southern Tethys, that characterized by its planispirally enrolled and involute early stage, and later uncoiled of the test, with ornamented surface. The first one Vaginulinoides has the same characters of the Vaginulinopsis with curved test, but differs in its longitudinal ribs along the surface test. This genus is represented by Marginulina cubana Palmer, in Finger¹ (2013, Plate 10, Figure. 10, non Figure. 9) which related here to the new genus Vaginulinoides. The second new genus Vaginulinella also has the same characters of the genus Vaginulinoides but with erect rectilinear test, which represented here by Dentalina obliquecostata (Stache) in Finger¹ (Plate 6, Figure. 21) and treated here to belong to the new genus Vaginulinella. On the other hand, another three new members of the diagnostic calcareous benthic agglutinated foraminiferal genus Pseudogaudryinella Cushman were erected from many localities in the world: Pseudogaudryinella baliniaki (North Europe, Poland), South Europe, P. ortizae (Spain), and Pseudogaudryinella iraqensis (Middle East, Iraq), beside the type locality of this genus P. capitosa, which was erected earlier from USA by Cushman. These Tethyan taxa, most probably indicate an open marine environment of Chile (South America), USA (North America), Europe and Southwest Asia, which represents middle-outer neritic environment (100 m ~ 200 m depth), and shows an affinity with Midway-Type Fauna (MTF) of the United States Gulf Coastal area.

Keywords: paleontology, foraminifera, campanian, neogene, textulariid, lagenid

This work includes two parts of studies, which presenting two new genera of Lagenid benthic foraminifera in one hand: Vaginulinoides and Vaginulinella, and also proposed three new species of Textulariid benthic foraminiferal genus Pseudogaudryinella (P. baliniaki, P. ortizae and P. iraqensis), in the other hand.

The present author believes that the three specimens in Loeblich & Tappan² (plate 412, Plate 450, Figures 2, 4, 5) represents the genus Vaginulinopsis Silvestri³ which has "an elongate test, early stage planispirally enrolled and involute, later uncoiled and rectilinear, laterally compressed and ovate to lenticular in section, sutures radial in the early stage, straight, horizontal, and may be slightly depressed in the uncoiled stage wall calcareous, perforate, optically radial, surface smooth and unornamented; aperture terminal, radiate, at the dorsal angle" are applies only for one Figure specimen (Figure 2, Plate 450 of Loeblich & Tappan)² while the other two forms (Figure. 4, 5) have ornamented tests, which differs from the smooth genus Vaginulinopsis (Plate 1).

Plate 1 The different forms (2-6) of the genus Vaginulinopsis (after Loeblich & Tappan).²

Material of Study

The Figureure specimen no. 3, Plate 450 (in Loeblich & Tappan)² can be treated here as a separate new genus: Vaginulinoides, which has the same characters of Vaginulinopsis, except in its ornamented surface (with longitudinal ribs along the whole test). This treatment was used to separate between Pyramidulina Fornasini⁴ and Nodosaria Lamarck⁵ (Test elongate, arcuate, uniserial, proloculus apiculate, chambers cylindrical to ovate, enlarging gradually as added, sutures horizontal; wall calcareous, hyaline radial in structure, with secondary lamination, surface with numerous longitudinal costae; aperture terminal, radiate) Plate 2.

Plate 2 After Loeblich & Tappan²: Pyramidulina, Nodosaria and Dentalina.

Moreover, the rectilinear Figure specimen no. 5, Plate 450 (in Loeblich & Tappan)² is treated here as another new genus: Vaginulinella, with ornamented surface (as Vaginulinoides), but with erected non-curved test. It is look-like what were happen for the separation of the two ornamented genera Dentalina (curved test with longitudinal ribs along the surface of the test (Figure 19, Plate 439, in Loeblich & Tappan)² and Pyramidulina (rectilinear test with longitudinal ribs along the surface of the test (Figure 6, Plate 441, in Loeblich & Tappan)²

The different species of the genus Vaginulinopsis in the Northern and Southern Tethys are presented in Plate 3. The Vaginulinopsis members are distinguished by elongate smooth tests, large coiled portion, flush sutures in the early part of the uncoiled portion, but depressed in the upper part.

Plate 3 Figures 1, 2. Vaginulinopsis carinata (Silvestri)³ from Italy, 3. Vaginulinopsis argentinica Anan⁶ (=Laevidentalina sp. Jannou et al.⁷ plate. 21, plate 2, Figure 5) from Argentina, 4. Vaginulinopsis deserti (Said & Kenawy)⁸ (=Marginulinopsis deserti Said & Kenawy⁸, plate. 132, plate 2, Figure)²³ from Egypt, 5. Vaginulinopsis emiratensis (Anan⁹ 1993)(=Marginulinopsis emiratensis Anan⁹ plate. 657, plate. 2, Figure. 12) from UAE.

1. Part I

The taxonomy of the identified genera and its species follows that of Loeblich & Tappan² and the illustrated taxa have been shown in Plate 4, Figures a, b.

Order Foraminiferida Eichwald, 1830

Suborder Lagenina Delage & Hérouard, 1896

Superfamily Nodosariacea Ehrenberg, 1838

Family Nodosariidae Ehrenberg, 1838

Subfamily Marginulininae Wedekind, 1937

Genus Vaginulinoides Anan, n. gen.

Type species Vaginulinoides fingeri Anan, n. sp.

Vaginulinoides fingeri Anan, n. sp. (Plate 4, Figures 4a, b)

1988 Vaginulinopsis carinata (Silvestri). Loeblich & Tappan,⁹plate. 412, Plate 450, Figure 4.

2013 Marginulina cubana Palmer. Finger,¹ p. 416, Plate 10, Figure 10.

Holotype: Illustrated specimen of the holotype in Figure 4a.

Paratype: Illustrated specimen of the holotype in Figure 4b.

Age and locality of the holotype: Late Oligocene, Cuba.

Stratigraphic range: Late Oligocene to Early Miocene.

Etymology: In the honor of Kenneth L. Finger, University of California, Berkeley, USA.

Depository: University of California Museum of Paleontology (UCMP50190).

Occurrence: Navidad Fm. (MOS, PPP, PTA), Ranquil Fm. (MS10) of Chile (Figure 1).

Figure 1 The location map of the different formations in Chile: Navidad and Arauco Formations (after Finger).¹

Maximum relative abundance: Common (MS10) (Table 1)

Diagnosis: Elongate test; early stage planispirally enrolled and involute, later uncoiled and curved; laterally ovate to lenticular in section; sutures radial in the early stage, but straight, horizontal and depressed in the uncoiled uniserial stage; wall calcareous, perforate, optically radial; surface ornamented by longitudinal ribs along the chambers; aperture terminal, radiate, at the dorsal angle.

Remarks: The Vaginulinoides fingeri Anan (new genus and new species) resemble the genus Vaginulinopsis Silvestri³ in main characters of the test, except the ornamented longitudinal ribs on the test surface of the former, than the smooth test in the latter. The ornamented ribs are covered the chambers in the holotype specimen (Figure 4a), while it exists in the chambers and extended along the test crossing the sutures in the paratype specimen (Figure 4b), Plate 4a & 4b.

Plate 4a,4b

Genus Vaginulinella Anan, n. genus

Type species Vaginulinella fingeri Anan, n. plate.

Vaginulinella fingeri Anan, n. p. (Plate 5, Figure 5a-c)

1988 Vaginulinopsis carinata (Silvestri). Loeblich & Tappan,² p. 412, Plate 450, Figures 5,6.

2013 Dentalina obliquecostata (Stache). Finger,¹ p. 400, Plate 6, Figure 21.   

Holotype: Illustrated specimen of the holotype in Figure 5a.

Paratype: Illustrated specimen of the paratypes in Figure 5b,c.

Age and locality of the holotype: Late Tertiary, New Zealand.

Stratigraphic range: Miocene.

Etymology: In the honor of Kenneth L. Finger, University of California, Berkeley, USA.

Depositary: University of California Museum of Paleontology (UCMP50106).

Occurrence: Navidad Fm. (PPN, PPP, RAP), Ranquil Fm. (RAN). (Figure 1)

Maximum relative abundance: Common (RAP). (Table 2)

Diagnosis: Elongate test; early stage planispirally enrolled and involute, later uncoiled and rectilinear; laterally ovate to lenticular in section; sutures radial in the early stage, but straight, horizontal to slightly depressed in the uncoiled uniserial stage; wall calcareous, perforate, optically radial; surface ornamented by longitudinal ribs along the chambers and whole test; aperture terminal, radiate, at the dorsal angle.

Remarks: The Vaginulinella fingeri Anan (new genus and new species) resemble the genus Vaginulinoides Anan (n. gen.) in main characters of the test, except the rectilinear test than curved, ornamented longitudinal ribs along the test surface. The ornamented ribs are covered the chambers and crossing the sutures, inclined in the holotype specimen (Figure 5a), while vertical and extended along the test crossing the sutures in the paratype specimen (Figure 5b). The Figured specimen (Figure 5c) explained the longitudinal section of the test (after Loeblich & Tappan)²

The paleogeographic distribution of these taxa are distributed in many localities in the Tethys (Caribbean Sea and New Zealand), as well as some other Tethyan countries: Chile, Argentina, UAS, Spain, Poland, Egypt, Iraq, UAE and Iran Plate 5a,5b,5c (Figure 2).

Plate 5a,5b,5c

Figure 2 Location map of the new genera and species in different localities in the world: North America (USA) and South America (Chile, Argentina), Europe (Spain, Poland), Middle East (Egypt, Iraq, UAE, Iran), and South Pacific (New Zealand).

 Moreover, the rectilinear Figure specimen no. 5, Plate 450 (in Loeblich & Tappan)² is treated here as another new genus: Vaginulinella, with ornamented surface (as Vaginulinoides), but with erected non-curved test. It is look-like what were happen for the separation of the two ornamented genera Dentalina (curved test with longitudinal ribs along the surface of the test (Figure 19, Plate 439, in Loeblich & Tappan)² and Pyramidulina (rectilinear test with longitudinal ribs along the surface of the test (Figure 6, Plate 441, in Loeblich & Tappan).²

1. Part II

Order Foraminiferida Eichwald, 1830

Suborder Textulariina Delage and Hérouard, 1896

Superfamily Verneuilinacea Cushman, 1911

Family Verneuilinidae Cushman, 1911

Subfamily Verneuilininae Cushman, 1911

Genus Pseudogaudryinella Cushman, 1936

Type species Gaudryinella capitosa Cushman, 1933

Remarks on the genus: Beside the type species of the genus Pseudogaudryinella capitosa (Cushman) from USA, and P. iranica (Anan) another three species of them are believed here as new: Pseudogaudryinella baliniaki (from Poland), P. ortizae (from Spain), and P. iraqensis (from Iraq). The stratigraphic position of them are also presented. The modern references have been added to complete the descriptions of the recorded species, which are illustrated in (Plate 6).

Plate 6
(All scale bars 100µm)

1. Pseudogaudryinella capitosa (Cushman)¹² type species, side view.
2. P. baliniaki Anan, n. sp., side view.
3. P. iranica Anan,¹³ side view.
4. P. iraqensis Anan, n. sp., side view.
5. P. ortizae Anan, n. sp., side view.

Test elongate, early stage triserial triangular in section, followed by biserial, and finally uniserial rounded in section, aperture rounded terminal on short neck in the last chamber. The genus Pseudogaudryinella differs from Tritaxia Reuss¹¹ in having a biserial stage intercalated between the triserial and uniserial ones, and differs from Gaudryina d’Orbigny¹¹ in becoming uniserial in the adult.

Pseudogaudryinella capitosa (Cushman, 1933) (Plate 6, Figure1)

1933 Gaudryinella capitosa Cushman,¹² p. 52, Plate 5, Figure 8.

1946 Pseudogaudryinella capitosa (Cushman). (Cushman),¹⁴ p. 171, Plate 10, Figure. 15; Martin¹⁵ p. 54, Plate 3, Figure. 7; Loeblich & Tappan,² p. 137, Plate 144, Figures. 11, 12.

Remarks: Test elongate, triserial in the early stage and triangular in section, then biserial, and finally uniserial and rounded in section, wall agglutinated simple, aperture terminal and rounded.

Occurrence: It was recorded, so far, from USA.

Pseudogaudryinella baliniaki Anan, n. sp. (Plate 6, Figure 2)

2018 Pseudogaudryinella sp. 1, Baliniak,¹⁶ p. 382, Plate 1, Figure 13.

Holotype: Illustrated specimen in plate 1, Figure 2

Diameter of the holotype: Length 1.40 mm, width 0.54 mm.

Etymology: After Weronika Baliniak, Faculty of Geography and Geology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.

Depositary and type locality: Sample 1, J55, slope marl assemblages of the Fore-Magura Thrust Sheet, Polish Outer Carpathian (Figure 3)

Age: Paleocene-Eocene.

Description: Test elongate, triserial in the early stage and triangular in section, later becoming biserial and finally lax uniserial, wall finely agglutinated with calcareous cement, ended by rounded terminal aperture.

Remarks: The early triserial stage occupies one-third up to half of the test and triangular in section, but rounded section in the later biserial and uniserial stages. P. baliniaki Anan differs from P. ortizae Anan by its finely agglutinates wall than coarser grain-size wall, also by in its smaller test-size, rounded section of the uniserial stage than discoidal shape, and depressed aperture on the last chamber of the former than terminal on neck of the latter.

Pseudogaudryinella iranica Anan, 2022 (Plate 6, Figure 3)

Figure 3 Location of studied sections (including Juraszki, A section) in the western part of the Polish Outer Carpathians (after Baliniak).¹⁶

2021 Gaudryina sp. Salahi,¹⁷ p. 314, Plate 4, Figure. 23 (non Figure 28).

2022 Pseudogaudryinella iranica Anan,¹³ p. 16, Plate 1, Figure 5.

Remarks: This species differs from Pseudogaudryinella iraqensis Anan n. sp., by its longer and irregular triserial portion, lesser size of the uniserial final chamber, and younger stratigraphic position (Ypresian than Campanian).

Pseudogaudryinella iraqensis Anan, n. sp. (Plate 6, Figure 4)

Figure 4 Location map of Azmer section, Northeast Iraq, the stratigraphy of Azmer section, and the position of the sample no. ASH-25 of the new species Pseudogaudryinella iraqensis Anan, n. sp.(after Jaff & Lawa).¹⁸

2019 Tritaxia whitei (Cushman and Jarvis). Jaff & Lawa,¹⁸ p. 14, Plate 2, Figures 14,15.

Holotype: Illustrated specimen in Plate 1, Figure 4.

Dimension: Length 0. 45 mm, width 0. 17 mm.

Etymology: After the Iraq Republic.

Depositary and type locality: Department of Geology, University of Sulaimani, Shiranish Formation, Kurdistan region, Northeast Iraq (Figure 4).

Age: Campanian (MPK14669, Azmer section, sample number ASH-25).

Description: Pseudogaudryinella iraqensis has moderately elongate test, early stage triserial triangular in section, followed by biserial, and finally uniserial rounded in section, aperture terminal rounded in the last chamber.

Remarks: This species has smaller test than Pseudogaudryinella baliniaki n. sp. and P. iranica Anan.¹³ The three parts of the arrangement occupied one third of the test, and aperture on the last semi-globular chamber terminal on neck.

Pseudogaudryinella ortizae Anan, n. sp. (Plate 6, Figure 5)

Figure 5 Location map of Fortuna section, south Spain (after Ortiz & Thomas).¹⁹

2006 Clavulinoides angularis (d'Orbigny). Ortiz & Thomas,¹⁹ p. 102, Plate 1, Figure. 3 (non Figures. 1, 2, 4, 5).

Holotype: Illustrated specimen in Plate 1, Figure 5.

Diameter of the holotype: Length 2.50 mm, width in the middle portion 1.00 mm.

Etymology: After Silvia Ortiz, University of Zaragoza, Spain (Figure 5).

Depositary and type locality: Sample 4, Fortuna Section , Betic Cordillera, southeastern Spain (after Ortiz & Thomas).¹⁹

Age: Ypresian.

Description: Test large, elongate and tricarinate in its triserial and triangular in section, biserial and finally discoidal uniserial stage, aperture terminal rounded, more coarser grain-size wall, ended by rounded terminal aperture.

Remarks: This species has larger test size than P. iranica Anan,¹³ and does not have globular last chamber, and more coarser grain-size wall.

The two new Lagenid genera Vaginulinoides and Vaginulinella, and also three new species of Textulariid benthic foraminiferal genus Pseudogaudryinella (P. baliniaki, P. ortizae and P. iraqensis), have wide geographic distribution: North Atlantic (USA, Caribbean), South Atlantic (Chile, Argentina), Europe (Spain, Poland), Northeast Africa (Egypt), Southwest Asia (UAE, Iraq, Iran), and Southwest Pacific (New Zealand) (Figure 2). Berggren²⁰ suggested that during the Paleogene, the fauna of the Mediterranean and the Indo-Pacific exhibit pronounced similarities, which indicate that the connection between the two areas mentioned by a marine seaway, and the East Atlantic fauna was much more closely related to the fauna than it is today. In western Atlantic a narrow connection between it and Pacific existed. Miller et al.²¹ Infer that certain hydrographic properties (low oxygen, high CO3, low pH, and thus more corrosive waters) favor the development of agglutinated assemblages. Due to the high abundance of pelagic Tethyan foraminiferal assemblage indicate open connections from Atlantic Ocean to the Indian Ocean and represents middle-outer neritic environment (100-200m depth) and shows an affinity with "Midway-Type Fauna" by many authors,^17,21−24 noted that the modern smaller agglutinating foraminifera occur in all marine environments, from marginal to deep, and some are tolerant of hyposalinity as well as normal marine salinity, and/or of hypoxia or dysoxia and appear better able than their calcareous benthic counterparts to tolerate conditions of high fresh-water flux, and of high sediment and organic carbon flux, and associated lowered oxygen availability. Mediterranean and the Indo-Pacific exhibit pronounced similarities, which indicate that the connection between the two areas mentioned by a marine seaway, and the East Atlantic fauna was much more closely related to the fauna than it is today. In western Atlantic a narrow connection between it and Pacific existed. The paleogeographic maps recorded by many authors^26-29 show the Tethyan realm had been connected with the Atlantic Ocean from west to the Indo-Pacific Ocean to the east, via the Mediterranean Sea, crossing the Middle East region during the Late Cretaceous-Paleogene times, and the fauna exhibit pronounced similarities. (Figure 6)

Figure 6 Paleogeography of the Neo-Tethys ocean during the late cretaceous-Paleogene times showing the flow direction of the Tethyan Circumglobal Current (TCC) from east to west, and from north to south (after Abed).²⁹

Two new of Lagenid benthic foraminifera genera: Vaginulinoides and Vaginulinella from Cuba and New Zealand, and also three new species of Textulariid benthic foraminiferal genus Pseudogaudryinella (P. baliniaki, P. ortizae and P. iraqensis) from Poland, Spain and Iraq are presented in this study. These Tethyan taxa, most probably indicate an open marine environment of Chile (South America), USA (North America), Europe and Southwest Asia, which represents middle-outer neritic environment (100m~200m depth), and shows an affinity with Midway-Type Fauna (MTF) of the United States Gulf Coastal area. The deeper water agglutinated species have smooth tests, while the shallow water specimens have coarser grained.

The author would like to express his sincere appreciation to the editor of Journal of Microbiology & Experimentation, for her continuous efforts, and to unknown reviewers for improving the manuscript and contributing valuable comments. I am also indebted to my daughter Dr. Huda Anan for help in the development of the tables, plates and figures.

Authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

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