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Review Article Volume 12 Issue 6
A review of modern mRNA vaccines and their applications
Samarakkody Lahiru, Tawil Bill
Received: November 08, 2025 | Published: November 20, 2025
Citation: Lahiru S, Bill T. A review of modern mRNA vaccines and their applications. J Appl Biotechnol Bioeng 2025;12(5):210-214. DOI: 10.15406/jabb.2025.12.00405
Abstract
This review article explores the utilization of mRNA in vaccine development to treat a plethora of diseases once thought incurable. Thus, revolutionizing the vaccine industry and patient care. This cutting-edge technology surpasses traditional vaccines due to its unprecedented developmental timelines, patient safety and drug efficacy. Being synthetic, one pot in vitro transcription mediated mRNA results in generating quality mRNA free from viral vectors or animal growth conditions such as chicken embryos. This allows for reduced processing while enhancing product safety compared to traditional vaccine production and processing. The delivery mechanism of the therapeutic mRNA is facilitated by the lipid nanoparticle which encapsulates the therapeutic mRNA payload. In addition, it prevents exonuclease degradation and successful delivery via fusing with the host cell membrane and utilizes the host’s own endosomal pathway. Customizability of the LNP with targeting moieties such as antibodies or sugars allows for targeted drug delivery (tLNP) which enables the platform to be utilized for treating diseases such as cancers. The mRNA being transient in nature ensures that the dosing could be tailored to meet the requirements of the patient and be adjusted as necessary compared to permanent gene editing methods such as CRISPR and its off-targeting genome wide effects. The therapeutic mRNA utilizes the host’s cellular machinery to produce a foreign epitope or protein of concern which elicits rapid innate and adaptive immune responses upon first dose administration. Multiple payload capability in the same LNP is a promising future for combination therapies. Furthermore, it opens doors for customized patient therapies. The COVID-19 pandemic serves as a testament to the platform’s capability which saved billions of lives with vaccines created in under a span of a year. Therefore, the mRNA platform is rapidly adapted by companies worldwide for designing novel therapeutics.
Keywords: mRNA, vaccines, applications, mRNA vaccines
©2025 Lahiru, et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and build upon your work non-commercially.