International Journal of
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Review Article Volume 11 Issue 3
Recent advances in the diagnosis and genetic understanding of male infertility: implications for assisted reproductive technologies
Tibyan Abd Almajed Altaher, Abdelwahab Abdien Saeed, Ghanem Mohammed Mahjaf, Dalia Elmusharaf Khalifa, Fania Abdallah El Badri, Mosab Nouraldein Mohammed Hamad
Received: July 30, 2025 | Published: September 25, 2025
Citation: Altaher TAA, Saeed AA, Mahjaf GM, et al. Recent advances in the diagnosis and genetic understanding of male infertility: implications for assisted reproductive technologies. Pregnancy & Child Birth. 2025;11(2): DOI: 10.15406/ipcb.2025.11.00325
Abstract
About 7% of males worldwide suffer from male infertility, a complex disorder marked by the inability to conceive with a partner after a year of unprotected sexual activity. Male infertility has a wide range of causes, such as lifestyle choices, physical barriers, hormone imbalances, and genetic abnormalities. The quality of semen is essential for preserving spermatozoa’s capacity to fertilize. The quality of male semen is falling among men in Africa, Europe, North America, and Asia, contributing to the growing global issue of male infertility. Even after developing proactive defenses during spermatogenesis and epididymal maturation, the sperm are still susceptible to harmful insults. Infertility is largely caused by declining semen quality. Scientists have created a variety of treatments for male infertility over time. Male infertility that has a recognized reason can be effectively treated, but other causes, such as genetic factors, call for practical solutions. The best possible reproductive and developmental results could be achieved by combining these cutting-edge strategies in a global, multicentric context while obtaining the appropriate ethical approval. The creation of molecular stratification classes, diagnostic markers, and individualized treatment plans ought to be possible using these combinatorial methods. Because environmental factors and lifestyle choices affect male fertility, they must be incorporated into any comprehensive strategy for safe, proactive, cost-effective, and noninvasive precision male infertility theranostics that are accessible, affordable, and help couples achieve their goal of having children. Semen analysis, hormonal profiling, genetic testing, and imaging techniques are all part of the diagnostic process for male infertility to find the root causes. Management approaches include everything from medication and lifestyle changes to surgery and ART, including intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) and in vitro fertilization (IVF). The application of artificial intelligence to semen analysis and the creation of innovative sperm retrieval methods are two examples of emerging technologies that hold promise for improving treatment results and diagnostic precision. Even with great advancements, issues with expanding access to care and addressing moral dilemmas around ART usage still exist. Improving the quality of life and reproductive health of impacted individuals and couples is the ultimate objective. This review summarizes current knowledge on the causes, diagnostic methods, and management of male infertility, with an emphasis on recent advances in genetic and assisted reproductive technologies (ART).
Keywords: male infertility, sperm, etiology, aging, semen analysis, assisted reproductive technology
©2025 Altaher, et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and build upon your work non-commercially.