The Peach fruit fly, Bactrocera zonata (sunders) is known as the most serious fruit insect pest, this work carried out to test the toxicity of ten essential oils against one day old pupa of this pest by using 4 concentrations for each oil. Results revealed that eucalyptus oils was the most toxicity oil against B. zonata pupa with low LC50 value of 38.88ml/L followed by Basil oils followed by Onion, peppermint, ginger, garlic, water crass, clove, castor and mustard with LC50 value 39.704, 50.459, 69.205,78.418, 83.172, 98.0 ,101.293, 107.662 and 238.99ml/L, respectively. On the other hand mustard oils were the least toxic against B. zonata pupa with LC50 value of 238.99ml/L.

Keywords: peach fruit fly, bactrocera zonata, essential oils, flies control

The Peach fruit fly, Bactrocera zonata (sunders) is known as the most serious insect pest of tropical and subtropical fruits.¹ It is a polyphagous insect, where it has been recorded on over 50 cultivated and wild plant species.

Currently, B. zonata had wide spread in Egypt ,where it was recorded in different locations such as Alexandria,² Kalubia,³ El-Beheira,⁴ the whole Nile Delta region, Nile Valley and Kharga and Dakla oases, North Sinai Governorate (North-East) Governorates⁵ and Qena governorate.⁶ The world is heading now towards the use of materials and alternatives to safe and more environmentally friendly. Essential oils are one of the most promised materials in pest control where it is volatile, natural, complex compound mixtures characterized by a strong odor. it produced from several plant parts like leaves , stems and seeds. The oils are generally composed of complex mixtures of monoterpenes, biogenetically related phenols, and terpenes. Examples include 1, 8-cineole, the major constituent of oils from eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globus); eugenol from clove oil (Syzygium aromaticum and menthol from various species of mint (Mentha species). The aim of this work is determining the effect of ten natural plant oils against one day old pupae of B. zonata.

The present study was carried out to determine the efficiency of 10 essential oils against the pupa of B. zonata (Table  1). Selected oils were mixed with water using Tween 80 and prepared in four concentrations (25, 50, 75 and100%). Four ml of each oil was added to 25gm of sandy soil in petri dishes, and then thirty 1st day old pupae were added to each petri dish. Three replicates (Petri dish) were used for each concentration. The pupal mortality was recorded and the LC50 was calculated using Ldp line program.7

Table 2 & Figure 1 represented the relative toxicity of the toxic selected oil against the one-day-old pupa of B. zonata . Results revealed that eucalyptus oils has the highest toxicity against B. zonata pupa with low LC50 value of 38.88ml/L. On the other hand mustard oils was the least toxic against B. zonata pupa with LC50 value of 238.99ml/Lathe toxicity of Basil oils come in the second rate followed by Onion, peppermint, ginger, garlic, water crass, clove, castor and mustard with LC50 value 39.704, 50.459, 69.205 ,78.418, 83.172, 98.0 ,101.293, 107.662 and 238.99ml/L, respectively. When comparing the fiducially limits and their overlapping with each other’s, it was obvious that the confidence limits are overlapped among Eucalypts, Basil and Onion, also there are overlapped among Peppermint ,Ginger, Garlic oils in addition to the over lapping among water crass and both Clove and Castor oils, but not overlapped with Mustard oils and others oils. Thus, we can say there is no significant difference among the LC50 values of Eucalypts, Basil and Onion oils, but they are significantly different between the LC50 of values Eucalypts, Basil and Onion from side and Mustard oil.

Figure 1 Toxicity of certain oils as surface contact against the one-day-old pupa of B. zonata

The present study revealed the current activity of essential oils where eucalyptus oils was the highest toxicity against B. zonata pupa followed by Basil, Onion, and peppermint oils, These results are in agreement with those reported by many investigators. Hummel et al.,⁸ who reported that Eucalyptus globule is among the most active constituents against insects. Lucia et al.,⁹ reported that essential oil from E. globules is toxic against Aides aegypti larvae and showed LC₅₀ of 32.4ppm. Hidayat and Yusup¹⁰ reported that Eucalyptus dives (Myrtales: Myrtaceae) oil showed a strong fumigant effect on the first and second instars of Queensland fruit fly Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt). Palacios et al.,¹¹ evaluated 12 essential oils (EOs) insecticidal activity against the house fly Musca domestica. EO from Eucalyptus cinerea was the third most potent insecticide, with LC₅₀ value (=5.5mg/dm³). Deshpande and Tipnis¹² reported that Ocimum basilicum (Lamiaceae) essential oils showed insecticidal activity against Sitophilus oryzae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Stegobium paniceum (Coleoptera: Anobiidae), Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and Bruchus chinensis (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). Chang et al.,¹³ reported that Basil oil and its three major active constituents (trans-anethole, estragole, and linalool) obtained from basil (Oscimum basilicum L.) were significantly toxicity against C. capitata, B. cucurbitae and B. dorsalis. Choi et al.,¹⁴ tested for peppermint oils its insecticidal activities against eggs, nymphs, and adults of Trialeurodes vaporariorum, he reported that peppermint oils was highly effective against T. vaporariorum adults, nymphs, and eggs where it gave high mortality.

 Sousa et al.,¹⁵ evaluated the relative toxicity of the mustard essential oil (MEO) vapors of wild mustard (Brassica rapa L.) to young and old larvae, pupae and adults of Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky and Callosobruchus maculatus (F). They reported that the different developmental stages of both species differed significantly in their response to MEO, but the adults being much more susceptible than the immature stages.

None.

Author declares that there is no conflict of interest.

1. Fletcher BS. The biology of Dacine fruit flies. Ann Rev Ent. 1987;32:115‒144.
2. El-Minshawy A, El-Eryan M, Awad A. Biological and morphological studies on the guava fruit fly. Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) (Diptera: Tephritidae) found recently in Egypt. 8th. Nat Conf Pests. 1999;1:71‒82.
3. Hashem AG, Mohamed SMA, EI-Wakkad MF. Diversity and abun-dance of Mediterranean and peach fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in different horticul-tural orchards. Egyptian Journal of Applied Science. 2001;16(2):303–314.
4. Draz K, Hashem A, El Aw M, et al. Monitoring the changes in the population activity of peach fruit fly, Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) at certain agro-ecosystem in Egypt, paper presented at Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference for Plant Protection Research Institute. 2002;(1):570‒575.
5. EPPO/OEPP. Bactrocera zonata. OEPP/EPPO. Bull. 2005;35:371‒373.
6. Ali MA. Effect of temperature on the development and survival of immature stages of the peach fruit fly, Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) (Diptera: Tephritidae). African Journal of Agricultural Research. 2016;11(36):3375‒3381.‏
7. Bakr E. Ldp Line. 2007.
8. Hummel Brunner LA, Isman MB. Acute, Sub lethal; antifeeding; and synergistic effects of mono terpenoids essential oil compounds on the tobacco cut-worm; Spodoptera litura (Lep., Noctuidae). J Agric Food Chem. 2001;49(2):715–720.
9. Lucia A, PG Audi, E Seccacini, et al. Larvicidal effect of Eucalyptus grandis essential oil and turpentine and their major components on Aedes aegypti larvae. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 2007;23(3):299–303.
10. Hidayat Y. Biological Activities of Essential and Vegetable Oils against Queensland Fruit Fly Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) (Diptera: Tephritidae). Ph.D. Thesis, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences; The University of Queensland. 2014.
11. Palacios SM, Bertoni A, Rossi Y, et al. Efficacy of essential oils from edible plants as insecticides against the house fly, Musca domestica L. Molecules. 2009;14(5):1938-1947.‏
12. Deshpande RS, HP Tipnis. Insecticidal activity of Ocimum basilicum L. Pesticides. 1977;11:1–12.
13. Chang CL. Evaluation of yeasts and yeast products in larval and adult diets for the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis; and adult diets for the medfly, Ceratitis capitata and the melon fly, Bactrocera curcurbitae. J Insect Sci. 2009;9(1):23.
14. Choi WI, Lee EH, Choi BR, et al. Toxicity of plant essential oils to Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). J Econ Entomol. 2003;96(5):1479‒1484.‏
15. Sousa AH, Faroni LRDA, Da Silva Freitas R. Relative toxicity of mustard essential oil to insect-pests of stored products. Revista Coating. 2014;27(2):222‒226.‏
16. Chauhan LKS, Dikshith TSS, Sundararaman V. Effect of deltamethrin on plant cells I. Cytological effects on the root meristems of Allium cepa. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology. 1986;171(1):25‒30.‏
17. Niroumand C, Farzaei M, Razkenari K, et al. An Evidence-Based Review on Medicinal Plants Used as Insecticide and Insect Repellent in Traditional Iranian Medicine. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal. 2016;18(2):22361.
18. Arancibia M, Rabossi A, Bochicchio PA, et al. Biodegradable films containing clove or citronella essential oils against the Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae). J Agric Food Tech. 2013;3(3):1–7.
19. Eldefrawi ME, Mansourand AN, Zeid M. Toxicological studies on the Egyptian cotton leafworm, Prodenialitura. I. Susceptibility of different larval instars of Prodenia to insecticides. Journal of Economic Entomology. 1964;57(4):591‒593.‏
20. Nakahara LM, JJ McHugh, Otsuka CK, et al. Integrated control of diamondback moth and other insect pests using an overhead sprinkler system, an insecticide, and bio-logical control agents, on a watercress farm in Hawaii. In: Diamondback Moth Manage-ment. Proceedings of the First International Workshop, Tainan, Taiwan, 11-15 March, 1985. 1986. p. 403‒413.
21. White B. Ginger: an overview. Am Fam Physician. 2007;75(11):1689–1691.