Immunology

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Received: January 01, 1970 | Published: ,

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Editorial

One of the most successful and beneficial results of basic immunologic research has been the development and application of anti-tumor necrosis alpha (anti-TNFα) monoclonal antibodies in rheumatoid and psoriatic arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The results in idiopathic IBD, i.e. ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, have been the change in treatment goals. It is no longer a clinical remission that is achieved, i.e. reduction and control of symptoms but now “deep remission” is sought, i.e. endoscopic and histologic remission.

The paradigm of successful IBD treatment now requires “deep remission”. The difficulty (“conundrum”) is with the clinically well patient who lacks complete deep remission yet has difficulty in accepting the burden of additional drug therapy with greater risks and costs. However, the data is compelling that when deep remission is achieved less complication, surgery, hospitalization and tumor development can be expected.^1-5 Nevertheless, 40% of patients may lose this response with continued treatment beyond 1 to 2 years.⁶

Factors attributed to this loss of response include

Increasing immunogenicity of these agents to produce anti-drug antibodies (ADA) which accelerate their clearance.⁷
Failure to monitor and adjust ongoing medical therapy for mucosal healing which is considered an excellent surrogate marker for a continued benefit in addition to fecal calprotectin and lactoferrin biomarkers.
Superimposition of infection often opportunistic or malignancy (melanoma, lymphoma, etc).
Loss of response or drug intolerance.

The drive to achieve mucosal healing (MH) with its apparent benefits is the true goal of successful therapy but the “target” of the “treat to target” impetus remains problematic. Firstly, a precise definition of MH remains elusive although it usually requires complete absence of inflammatory and ulcerating disease on endoscopy and histology. Yet there are no parameters of the degree of MH needed nor is there recognition of levels of mucosal improvement following the use of biologic agents.⁸ Secondly, is endoscopy necessary when there is a clear correlation of MH with therapeutic levels of the biologic agent (e.g. infliximab) and normal biomarkers?⁹ Fecal markers such as fecal calprotectin (FCP) or lactoferrin (LF) correlate nicely with the severity of inflammation and often reliably reflect the endoscopic response to treatment. A normal FCP is often acceptable as a marker for successful MH. Similarly fecal lactoferrin is a sensitive and specific index of chronic inflammation often predictive of relapse.¹⁰ Actually there is no clear definition of MH in ulcerative colitis (UC).¹¹ Equally unclear is the question of risks of continued or increased therapy necessary to improve the degree of MH.¹²

Can anti-TNF therapy be optimized early in the treatment regimen since 40% of primary responders will fail particularly with longer duration disease, prior smoking, or a genetic predisposition? Monitoring drug levels (infliximab or adalimumab) to increase dose, shorten dosing intervals or detecting anti-drug antibody would necessitate switching to a different drug formulation or one with a different mechanism. These drug and antibody levels are touted as necessary management tools particularly with the better antibody assay permitting drug and antibody levels in the same sample.¹³ In a secondary loss of response seen in 23 to 46% of patients on anti-TNF therapy longer than 12 months, monitoring such levels has become the considered standard of care.

Other therapies in non-responders include anti-cytokine antibodies to interleukin (IL)-6R, IL-13, IL-12/IL-23 or those anti-inflammatory agents that regulate T cells, Smad7 antisense, JAK inhibition, or stimulation of Toll-like receptor 9. More recent progress had been shown with blocking T-cell egress into diseased tissue with anti-integrins α4β7 specific to the GI tract or targeting mucosal vascular address in cell adhesion molecule 1 (MAdCAM-1).¹⁴ Manipulating the microbiome shows promising strategies with non-absorbable antibiotics, probiotics, prebiotics, diet manipulations (e.g. FODMAP) or combinations of these agents. Fecal microbiota transplantation is an enticing option but controlled clinical data is wanting.¹⁵ Low vitamin D levels may alter responses to anti-TNF therapy (if levels are less than 27 ng/mL) causing earlier cessation of anti-TNF therapeutic program.¹⁶

Despite a recent report that MH was not predictive of a sustained remission,¹⁷ MH has assumed the position as the most reproducible and accepted marker of treatment success and is a predictor of the future course¹⁸ provided adjustments in therapy (“treat to target”) are made along the way to achieve this goal.