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Food Processing & Technology

Review Article Volume 2 Issue 6

Microencapsulation of bioactive food ingredients and controlled release-a review

Jeyakumari A, Zynudheen AA, Parvathy U

ICAR-Mumbai research of centre of Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, India

Correspondence: Jeyakumari A, ICAR-Mumbai research of centre of Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, India

Received: May 16, 2016 | Published: September 7, 2016

Citation: Jeyakumari A, Zynudheen AA, Parvathy U. Microencapsulation of bioactive food ingredients and controlled release-a review. MOJ Food Process Technol. 2016;2(6):214-224. DOI: 10.15406/mojfpt.2016.02.00059

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Abstract

Microencapsulation is a process of coat­ing of small particles of solid or liquid material (core) with protective coating material (matrix) to produce microcapsules in the micrometer to millimeter range. It is one of the methods of protecting sensitive substances and producing active ingredients with improved properties. Many different active materials like lipids, proteins, vitamins and minerals, enzymes and flavors have been successfully encapsulated. To produce effective encapsulated products, the choice of coating material and method of microencapsulation process are most important and it also depends on the end use of the product and the processing conditions involved. These microcapsules release their contents at desired rate and time by different release mechanisms, depending on the encapsulated products which provide wide application of food ingredients thereby improving the cost effectiveness for the food manufacturer. This review paper highlighted the various microencapsulation methods and its application in the encapsulation of bioactive food ingredients and controlled release mechanisms.

Keywords: microencapsulation, microcapsules, food ingredients, bioactives, controlled release

Introduction

Now-a-days the demand for healthy and nutritional food products is increasing worldwide. Today foods are intended not only to fulfill the hunger and to provide necessary nutrients for humans. It also intended to prevent nutrition-related diseases and improve physical and mental health. In this regard, functional foods play an outstanding role. Functional foods are foods that enriched with functional ingredients to offer health benefits or to reduce the risk of chronic diseases beyond their basic nutritional functions. Bioactive in food are physiologically active components that provide health benefits beyond their nutritional role. Bioactive ingredients include proteins, vitamins, minerals, lipids, antioxidants, phytochemicals and probiotic bacteria.1 These bioactives are very sensitive and their application in food is a great challenge to the industry without affecting their properties. Encapsulation technology has proven to be an excellent method to protect the sensitive food ingredients and to develop the novel foods formulations with improved properties.2,3 Microencapsulation defined as a process of coat¬ing small particles of solids, liquids, or gaseous components, with protective coating material.4 Microcapsules or micron size ranged from 2-5000μm. In the food industry, the microencapsulation process can be applied for a various purpose5 such as

  1. To protect the core material from degradation and to reduce the evaporation rate of the core material to the surrounding environment;
  2. To modify the nature of the original material for easier handling;
  3. To release the core material slowly over time at the constant rate
  4. To prevent unwanted flavor or taste of the core material;
  5. To separate the components of the mixture that would react one another. Depends on the consumer needs, microen¬capsulation process has been improved constantly. As a result, it has be¬come an example of a dynamic and technological intensive process method,6 characterized by a fast growth of patent in microencapsulation process and its applications, as well as by an increasing number of scientific research articles.

There are separate extensive reviews on microencapsulation techniques used in the food industry. However, there is a need to discuss the different carriers and methods with a particular focus on encapsulating bioactive food ingredients. The objective of this paper is to review the microencapsulation technologies in a three perspectives. First, it focuses on theoretical aspects of different types of microencapsulation techniques and criteria required for encapsulating agents. Next, it dis¬cusses microencapsulation of various bioactive food ingredients such as omega-3 fatty acids, polyphenols, enzymes, protein hydrolysate and peptides, microorganisms, vitamins and minerals and its applications. The third section summarizes controlled release mechanisms of microcapsules.

Overview of microencapsulation technologies

The material that is encapsulated is called as core material, the active agent, internal phase, or payload phase. The substance or material that is encapsulating the core is called as wall material, coating material, membrane, shell, carrier material, external phase or matrix. Two main types of encapsulates are reservoir type and matrix type.7 In reservoir type, the active agents form a core surrounded by an inert barrier. It is also called single-core or mono-core or core-shell type. In matrix type, the active agent is dispersed or dissolved in an inert polymer. Coated matrix type is a combination of first two (Figure 1).

Figure 1 Morphology of microcapsule.

The microcapsules are prepared by a variety of methods. The microencapsulation process can be divided into physical and chemical process. Physical process includes spray drying, spray chilling, rotary disk atomization, fluid bed coating, coextrusion and pan coating. The chemical process includes simple and complex coacervation, interfacial polymerization and phase separation.8,9 Different types of microencapsulation techniques and their properties, merits and demerits are summarized in (Table 1).

Methods

Major Steps in Process

Particle Size (µm)

Morphology

Advantages

Disadvantages

Spray-drying

  • Dissolve active in aqueous coating solution
  • Homogenization of the dispersion
  • Atomization
  • Dehydration of the atomized particles

10 -400

Matrix

  • Relatively simple, fast and easy to scale-up,
    equipment is readily available
  • The cost of spray-drying method
    is 30-50 times cheaper
  • Both hydrophilic and
    hydrophobic polymer can be used
  • Considerable amounts of the material can be lost
    during the process due to sticking
    in the wall of the drying chamber
  • Process variables that should be
    optimized for encapsulation

Spray cooling or Spray chilling

  • Disperse active in heated lipid solution
  • Homogenization of the dispersion
  • Atomization
  • Cool

20-200

Matrix

  • Least expensive
  • Active compounds released within a few minutes after
    being incorporated in the food stuff
  • Not a true /proper microencapsulation process

Fluid bed coating

  • Preparation of coating solution
  • Fluidization of core particles.
  • Coating of core particles
  • Dehydrate or cool

May-00

Reservoir

  • Uniform layer of shell material
    onto solid particles.
  • Control of air stream and air temperature
    is a critical factor
  •  To achieve uniform coating droplets must be
    significantly smaller than core.

Spinning disk and centrifugal co-extrusion

  • Preparation of core and coating solution
  • Co-extrusion of core and coat
    solution through nozzles

150-8000

Reservoir

  • Product outputs are comparable or even higher than
    regular spray drying or spray cooling processes
  • Higher space consumption
  • Direct observation of the particles
    during production is more difficult

Extrusion

  • Preparation of molten coating solution
  • Dispersion of core into molten polymer
  • Cooling or passing of core-coat mixture through dehydrating liquid

200-5000

Matrix

  • Product shelf life is long
    (eg.5 years for extruded flavor oils)
  • Large particles formed by extrusion
  •  Very limited range of shell material is available

Freeze-Drying /Lyophilization

  • Mixing of core in coating solution
  • Freeze-drying of the mixture
  • Grinding (option)

20-5000

Matrix

  • Product with good resistance to oxidation
  • Maintain the shape of microcapsule
  • High energy use, the long processing time,
    and the open porous structure obtained.
  • Compared to spray-drying, freeze-drying
    is upto 30–50 times more expensive

Coacervation

  • Formation of a three-immiscible chemical phases
  • Deposition of the coating
  • Solidification of the coating

10 - 800

Reservoir

  • Does not in­clude an aqueous continuous phase, this
    makes encapsulation water-soluble compounds
  • Mass production is difficult due to agglomeration

Supercritical fluids Technology:

  • Create a dispersion of active agent in supercritical fluid
  • Release the fluid to precipitate the shell on to the active

10 - 400

Matrix

  • No requirements of surfactants, yielding a solvent-free
    product, and moderate process conditions
  • The process does not include toxic organic solvents nor
    produce w/o interface where many proteins may be denatured
  • All solutes should be soluble in the su­percritical fluid.
  • Morphology of the precipitate can be
    difficult to control and predict

Liposome Entrapment

  • Microfluidization
  • Ultrasonication
  • Reverse-phase evaporation

10-1000

Various

  • Leptosomes are mainly studied and used as advanced,
    pharmaceutical drug carriers and their use in foods
  • Limited due to its chemical
    and physical instability.
  • Low encapsulation yield

Co-crystallization

  • Preparation of supersaturated sucrose solution
  • Adding of core into supersaturated solution
  • Emission of substantial heat after
    solution reaches the sucrose crystallization temperature

Feb-30

Cluster like agglomerate

  • Improved solubility, homogeneity, hydration
    and flowability
  • Core material in a liquid form can be converted into dry
    powdered form without additional drying
  • The granular product has a lower hygroscopicity
  • Heat sensitive core material may get degrade during process

Inclusion complexation

  • Preparation of complexes by mixing or grinding
  • Incubate and dry if necessary

15-May

Molecular inclusion

  • Protection of unstable and high value
    speciality flavor chemicals
  • Limited amount of flavor (9%-14%) can be incorporated
  • Cyclodextrin is very expensive

Table 1 Overview of advantages and Dis-advantages of microencapsulation methods5,7-10

Microencapsualtion bio active ingredients

There are numerous methods are used for microencapsulation of bioactive ingredients. But no single encapsulation process is applicable to all core materials or active agent. Microencapsulation methods used for various bioactive ingredients are discussed below:

Encapsulation of omega-3 fatty acids

Omega-3 fatty acids are belongs to the family of polyunsaturated fatty acids that the body cannot synthesize, but are essential for multiple function in human health. Biochemically, omega-3 fatty acids which have their first double bond (unsaturated) in the third carbon from the methyl end. The most important omega-3 fatty acids are alpha linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3 n-3), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) and docosahexaneoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3). Due to its unsaturated nature, they are susceptible to oxidation and also produce hydro peroxides and off-flavours which are objectionable by consumers. To overcome the above mentioned problems, the utilization of microencapsulation technique has been studied by various researchers.11-14 Different methods used for microencapsulation of omega-3 fatty acids are given in (Table 2).

Methods

Wall Material

Spray drying (fish oil)

Gelatin, maltodextrin, casein, lactose, sodium caseinate, dextrose
equivalence, highly branched cyclic dextrin, methylcellulose,
hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, n-octenylsuccinate, derivatized
starch/glucose syrup or trehalose, sugar beet pectin, gum arabic, corn syrup solids, egg white powder

Spray drying (flaxseed oil)

Whey protein isolate, gum arabic and lecithin, maltodextrin,
whey protein concentrate, gum arabic and two chemically
modified starches, tapioca starch and waxy maize,

Freeze-drying (fish oil)

sodium caseinate,carbohydrate, egg white powder, gum arabic,
lactose and maltodextrin

Freeze-drying (flaxseed oil)

Gelatin

Simple coacervation

Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose

Complex coacervation

Gelatin-gum arabic with transglutaminase(TG) as cross-linking agent

Electrostatic layer by layer (multilayer)
deposition and Spray drying (fish oil)

Lecithin and chitosan

Double emulsification and
subsequent enzymatic gelation (fish oil)

Soy protein, whey protein, wheat protein sodium caseinate, transglutaminase

Ultrasonic atomization and
freeze drying(fish oil)

Chitosan

Electrospraying (fish oil)

Zein prolamine (corn protein)

Spray granulation and
fluid bed film coating (fish oil)

Soybean soluble polysaccharide (SSPS ) and
maltodextrin, hydroxypropyl beta cyclodextrin (HPBCD)

Table 2 Methods and wall material used for microencapsulation of omega-3 fatty acids14

Encapsulation of polyphenols/flavors

Flavor plays an important role in food products which influences further consumption of foods and provide consumer satisfaction. The market for flavors is focused in using aromatic materials coming from natural sources to replace the use of synthetic flavors in the food products.15 These aroma compounds are not only delicate and volatile, but also very expensive.10 Commercially available food flavors in liquid forms are difficult to handle or incorporate into food systems. However, many flavor constituents are very sensitive to oxygen, light, and heat. These problems can be solved by encapsulation. Encapsulation provides an effective method to protect flavor compounds from degradation, oxidation and migration from food. Essential oils (Eos) are volatile, complex mixtures of compounds characterized by a strong odor, and they are formed by aromatic plants as secondary metabolites. Several essential oils such as ginger, garlic, cinnamon, coriander, clove, peppermint, citrus peel, oregano, thyme, rosemary basil, eucalyptus and have been demonstrated various biological properties activities, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiviral and anti-inflammatory functions.16,17 Several researchers reported that plant polyphenols can slow the progression of cancers, diabetes, and osteoporosis and reduce the risks of cardiovascular disease.18,19 Due their instability and unpleasant taste (astringency) which needs to be protected or masked before incorporation into food products.20 Different methods used for encapsulation of polyphenols are given in (Table 3).

Methods

Wall Material

Polyphenols

Spray Drying

Maltodextrin, gum arabic,
chitosan, citrus fruit fiber, colloidal silicon dioxide, Maltodextrin
and starch, sodium caseinate-soy lecithin, skimmed milk powder,
whey protein concentrate, gelatin

Black carrot extracts (anthocyanins), procyanidins,
olive leaf extract, Hibiscus sabdariffa L. extract
(anthocyanins), soybean extract, grape seed extract, apple polyphenol
extract and olive leaf extract, oregano essential oil, mint oil, cardamom oleoresin,
black pepper oleo resin , cumin oleo resin, turmeric oleo resin

Coacervation

Calcium alginate , chitosan, gelatin
(type A), glucan, chitosan and ҡ-carrageenan

Yerba mate extract, EGCG, black currant
extract, Pimento oil

Cocrystallization

Sucrose syrup

Orange peel oil

Freeze drying

Maltodextrin DE20, maltodextrins DE 5-8
and DE18.5, pullulan

Anthocyanin, cloudberry extract, Hibiscus anthocyanin, orange oil,

Molecular encapsulation

HP- β –CD, β -CD and maltosyl- β –CDs, α-CDs,
hydrophobically modified starch

3-hydroxyflavone, morin and quercetin,
ferulic acid, rutin, curcumin, citrus oils, cinnamon leaf and garlic oil,
citrus oil

Extrusion

Corn syrup solids, glycerine, sodium alginate

Citrus oil, clove oil, thyme oil, cinnamon oil

Electrostatic extrusion

Calicium alginate gels

Ethyl vanilline (3-ethoxy-4- hydroxybenzaldehyde)

Table 3 Methods, wall material used for encapsulation of polyphenols21,22

Encapsulation of vitamins and minerals

Fat-soluble (e.g. A, D, E, K) and water-soluble (e.g. ascorbic acid) vitamins can be encapsulated by microencapsulation.23 Iron is one of the most important elements and plays a major role in human health and its inadequate consumption leads to iron deficiency. One of the ways to prevent this problem is fortification of food with iron. But, the bioavailability of iron is affected by interactions of iron with the food ingredients such as tannins, phytates and polyphenols. Moreover, iron catalyses oxidative processes in fatty acids, vitamins and amino acids, which results in loss of sensory features and decrease in nutritional value of the food. Microencapsulation can be used to prevent these reactions. Microencapsulation methods used for vitamins and minerals are given in (Table 4).

Method

Wall Material

Active Agents

Spray drying

Tripolyphosphate, cross-linked chitosan,
starch, β-cyclodextrin, malto dextrin, gum arabic,

Vitamin C, vitamin A

Spray cooling and spray chilling

Waxes, fatty acids,
water-soluble polymers and water-insoluble monomers, soy lecithin

Ferrous sulphate, vitamins,
minerals, acidulants.

Liposome entrapment

Egg phosphatidylcholine,
cholesterol, DL-α-tocopherol

Vitamin C, Iron

Extrusion

Maltodextrin (DE 7-10),
lactose, fructo-oligosaccharide

Vitamin C

Fluidised bed coating

Polymethacrylate, ethylcellulose, waxes,
hydrogenated vegetable oil, stearin, fatty acids,
emulsifiers, gums and maltodextrins

Vitamin C

Coacervation

Gelatin and acacia

Vitamin A

Molecular inclusion

β-cyclodextrin, Maltodextrin

Vitamin A

Liposome entrapment

Hormones, enzymes and vitamins

Liposome entrapment

Table 4 Methods and wall material used for microencapsulation of vitamins and minerals23-25

Encapsulation of calcium

Soya milk contains much less calcium (12mg/100 g) than cow’s milk (120mg/100 g), which is undesirable from a nutritional point of view. By encapsulating the Ca salt (calcium lactate) in a lecithin liposome, provides possible to fortify 100g soya milk with calcium up to 110 mg for obtaining calcium levels equivalent to those in normal cow’s milk.26

Encapsulation of enzymes

Enzymes are biomacromolecules or in other words complex protein molecules with specific catalytic functions and they regulate the chemical reactions needed for the human body. Because of their enormous catalytic power in aqueous solution at normal temperatures and pressures, enzymes are of great commercial and industrial importance. In the microencapsulation method, the enzyme is entrapped within a semi permeable membrane so that the activity of an enzyme is not affected (Table 5). But the movement of the substrate to the active site may be restricted by the diffusional limitations especially when large molecules like starch and proteins are used, which can have an adverse effect on the enzyme kinetics.27

Method

Wall Material

Enzymes

Liposome

Alginate

Proteolytic enzyme

Complex coacervation

Chitosan/Cacl2 polyelectrolyte beads,
Sodium alginate and starch

Protease enzyme, Flavourzyme®

Spray drying

Chitosan, modified chitosan (water soluble),
alginate, calcium alginate and arabic gum, α-amalase,

β-Galactosidase, lipase from Y. lipolytica

Liposome entrapment

Alginate, carrageenan

Mixture of proteolytic and lipolytic enzyme

Table 5 Methods and wall material used for microencapsulation of enzymes27-29

Encapsulation of microorganism

Probiotic bacteria are the live microorganisms that are confer a beneficial physiological effect on the host (humans or animals). These bioactive ingredients have been at the forefront of the development of functional foods, particularly in dairy products.30 There are five microencapsulation methods have been applied to probiotics such as spray-coating (fluid bed coating), spray-drying, extrusion, emulsion and gel particle technologies (which include spray-chilling). Among these spray-coating and gel-particle technologies are most often used for microencapsulation of probiotics.31 Different wall materials used for microencapsulation of microorganisms are given in (Table 6).

Wall Material

Microorganisms

Alginate and its combinations

Lactic acid- and probiotic bacteria

High-amylose corn starch,

Probiotic bacteria

Mixture of xanthan-gelan

Probiotic bacteria

Carrageenan and its mixtures

Lactic acid bacteria such as Streptococcus
salivariuss sp. Thermophiles and Lactobacillus delbrueckiis sp.
Bulgaricus
(traditional yogurt bacteria), Bifidobacterium sp.

Gelatin or gelatin and gum

Lactobacillus lactis

Cellulose acetate phethalate

Bifidobacterium pseudolangum

Mixture of chitosan and
hexamethylene di isocyanate

Probiotic bacteria

Table 6 Wall materials used for microencapsulation of microorganisms32

Encapsulation of protein hydrolysate and peptide

Food protein hydrolysates and peptides are considered as a promising functional food ingredients. However, food application of protein hydrolysates and peptides can be inhibited by their bitter taste, hygroscopicity and interaction with the food matrix. These problems can be solved by encapsulation.33 Proteins, polysaccharides and lipids based carrier systems used for protein hydrolysates and peptide encapsulation (Table 7). The protein and polysaccharide based carried used for masking the bitter taste and reducing the hygroscopicity of protein hydrolysates, whereas the lipid-based carriers are intended for enhancing the bioavailability and biostability of encapsulated peptides.

Method

Wall Material

Hydrolysates and Peptide

Spray drying

Soy protein isolate, gelatin, whey protein concentrate,
alginate, maltodextrin, gum Arabic, carboxymethylated gum

Casein hydrolysate, whey protein hydrolysate,
rapeseed peptide, chicken hydrolysate,

Coacervation

Soy protein isolate and pectin

Casein hydrolysate

Liposome entrapment

Phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl glycine,
lecithin, stearic acid and cupuacu butter

Fish hydrolysate, sea bream collagen peptide
fraction, casein hydrolysate

Table 7 Methods and wall material used for microencapsulation of protein hydrolysate and peptide

Application of microencapsulated bioactive ingredients in food industry

Microencapsulation offers numerous benefits to the materials being encapsulated. Some of the encapsulated food ingredients and their applications are summarized in (Table 8).

Type of Encapsulated Food Ingredients: Examples

Purpose

Lipids: Fish oil, linolenic acid, rice bran oil,
sardine oil, palmitic acid, seal blubber oil

To prevent oxidative degradation during
processing and storage

Flavoring agents: Citrus oil, mint oils,
onion oils, garlic oils, spice oleoresins

To transform liquid flavorings into stable and
free flowing powders which are easier to handle

Vitamins :
Fat soluble: vitamin A, D, E and K.
Water soluble : Vitamin C, vitamin B1,
vitamin B2, vitamin B6, vitamin B12,
niacin, folic acid

Reduce off-flavors, permit time-release of
nutrients, enhance the stability to extremes in temperature and moisture,
reduce each nutrient interaction other ingredients

Enzymes and microorganisms:
Lipase, invertase, Brevebacterium
linens
, Penicillium roqueforti, Lactic acid bacteria

Improve stability during storage in dried
form, reduces the ripening time; Improve
the stability of starter cultures; Improved
retention in finished products

Acidulants: Lactic acid, glucono-g-lactone,
Vitamin C, acetic acid, potassium sorbate, sorbic
acid, calcium propionate, and sodium chloride

Used to assist in the development of color and flavor.
Baking industry uses stable acids and baking soda in wet and dry mixes to control
the release of carbon dioxide during processing and
subsequent baking.

Sweetners: Sugars,
nutritive or artificial sugars; aspartame

To reduce the hygroscopicity,
improve flowability, and prolong sweetness perception

Colorants: Annato, β-carotene, turmeric

Encapsulated colours are easier to
handle and offer improved solubility, stability to
oxidation, and control over stratification
from dry blends

Table 8 Application of microencapsulated bioactive ingredients in food industry5

Controlled release mechanism

Controlled release has been defined as a method by which one or more active agents are occurs at the target site and at the desirable rate and time.36 The major objectives of controlled release are to decrease the loss of target compound such as vitamins and minerals during the processing and storage, to optimize the absorption and to increase of effective use. The advantages of controlled release are; the active ingredients are released at controlled rates over prolonged periods of time.37 The most commonly used methods for controlled release includes thermal and moisture release.38 The major mechanisms involved in the core release are pH, temperature, use of solvent, diffusion, degradation and swelling or osmotic pressure activated release. Normally, a combination of more than one mechanism is used for release of core material.5

Diffusion-controlled release

In this method, core or active material is re¬leased by diffusion through the polymer (reservoir system) or through the pores existing in the poly¬mer (matrix systems).

Reservoir systems: The release of an active agent by this method is carried out by diffusion of the active agent within the reservoir; dissolution of the active agent between the reservoir carrier fluid and the barrier. The release rate from a reservoir system depends on the permeability, area and thickness of the barrier.39

Matrix systems: The active agent is released by this method is carried out by diffusion of the core material to the surface of the coating material; dissolution of the active agent between the carrier and the surrounding medium. The rate release depends on the percentage of active agent, coating material and the geometry of the system.39

Swelling controlled release: In this method, when the polymer matrix is placed in a thermodynamically com¬patible medium, the polymer swells which leads to absorption of fluid from the medium. The active agent in the swollen part of the matrix then diffuses out.40

Release of active agent by degradation: Degradation type of release occurs when enzymes such as proteases and lipases are degraded in to proteins or lipids, respectively.41 An example of release of active agent by degradation is reducing the time required for the ripening of cheddar cheese by 50% compared to conventional ripening process.42

Solvent-activatedrelease: The active agent is released when the food material comes in contact with a solvent, resulting in swelling of the microcapsule. For example, microencapsulated of coffee flavors is released upon contact with water.43

pH-controlled release: The active agent is released at a specific pH. For example, microencapsulated probiotic microorganisms will resist in the acidic pH of the stomach and it will be released in the alkaline pH of the intestine.44

Temperature-sensitive release: The active agent is released according to the change of temperature. Examples are, aromas for tea and baking are based on the effect of melting of the matrix; encapsulated cheese flavor used in microwave popcorn release the flavor when the temperature rises to 57-90˚C.45

Pressure-activated release: In this method, the active agent is released when the pressure is applied on the matrix. For example, release of sweetener and/or flavor in chewing gum when chewed.46

Conclusion

Microencapsulation process provides an effective protection for active agent against oxidation, evaporation or migration in food. It plays a major role in development high quality functional food ingredients with improved physical and functional properties in order to make superior products. To produce effective encapsulated products, the choice of coating material and method of microencapsulation process are most important. Despite the wide range of application of encapsulated products in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries, microencapsulated product has found a comparatively much smaller market in the food industry. The microencapsulation technology is yet to become a conventional tool for food industry to develop the healthy and novel food products which can be achieved by multidisciplinary based research approach and consideration of industrial requirements and constraints.

Acknowledgements

None.

Conflict of interest

The author declares no conflict of interest.

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